The Spirituality And Architecture Theology Religion Essay

The Spirituality And Architecture Theology Religion Essay Spirituality  is an ultimate or an alleged immaterial  reality. The essence of spirituality is the search to know our true selves, to discover the real nature of consciousness. In other words, it is a constant discovery of the incredible, our real self, and a quest of our true being, why we are, who we are and where we belong. This has been a part of the eternal quest of man from times immemorial. These questions have been answered differently by many but are subject to ones own belief interpretation and perception. Sri Aurobindo in Indian Spirituality and Life (1919)says Man does not arrive immediately at the highest inner elevation and if it were demanded of him at once, he would never arrive there. At first he needs lower supports and stages of ascent, he asks for some line of thought, dogma, worship, image, sign, and symbols, some indulgence and permission of mixed half natural motive on which he can stand while he builds up in him the temple of spirit.(Sri Aurobindo, Indian Spirituality and Life, 1919) Mans quest of truth, reality and peace has been unending. Overawed with the infinite nature, whatever he could not comprehend he attributed that to the glory of nature. Mans intellect cannot accept anything that is unknown, unseen and has no fixed shape or form. Thus to satisfy his intellectual curiosity man gave physical form to the divine being. Spirituality is our attempt to become aware of our spirit. Spiritual architecture refers to any building system that facilitates this awareness. It is, an act of highlighting or bringing forth the self, not by rejecting matter but by manifesting it in matter, at various levels and in multiple forms. E.V. Walter in Placeways, defines spiritual space as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ a specific environment of phenomena that are expected to support the imagination, nourish spiritual experience, and convey spiritual truth (Walter,E.V., Placeways: A Theory of the Human Environment, 75). Spiritual spaces can be found in nature or they can be a constructed space. A spiritual space found in nature is a place designated by individuals or groups as such a place. It is a distinct space, a place whose character sets it apart from its surroundings. They are distinct from typical or commonly found places. The designation of a place as spiritual comes from the human need to establish a connection with inner truth. A place that is spiritual to one person or group of people may not be spiritual to others. Architecture of a space can invoke all the senses, help one concentrate ones positive energies to calm a disturbed mind and take a peaceful stable mind beyond the physical. It is an inevitable part of life. It attempts to reflect mans source and the reason of being in several varied ways. Architecture is more than mere physical shelter or symbolic artefacts. They are catalyst towards our dwelling, between our being and the world. Architecture, together with the other arts, has, since time immemorial, been one of the most powerful means to pursue and realize this quest and give it physical-symbolic expression: how to create an identity and a place for our being from within the vast, shapeless and infinite extent of time and space; how to affirm our presences and gain a foothold, in the universe. (Gunter Dittmar, Upon the Earth, Beneath the Sky: The Architecture of Being, Dwelling Building, 2001) Successful architectural expression is one, which is able to do both; provide an enriching experience and an unforgettable image. It becomes more important while expressing spirituality in material to provide for an experience of, both the form and the formless, one perceptible by the senses and other beyond senses. Since sacred spaces are separate from everyday places in a designated precinct, value is placed on the journey and arriving at the sacred place. The path and the ritual journey are part of the sacred experience. It is a universal goal of mankind to seek or to create spiritual spaces. What is a spiritual space, and what are the qualities which describe that space? What defines spirituality and the space it makes and how does this form relate to us today? RESEARCH QUESTION What are the attributes of spiritual spaces? 1.2 NEED FOR JUSTIFICATION The current crisis of environmental degradation is also a crisis of places. People are systematically building meaningless places. We must develop a way of understanding the built environment and the natural landscape. True renewal, will require a change in the way we structure experience for understanding both the natural land and the constructed world. Since, the spiritual dimension and moral obligation have been discarded by the modern. Materialism divorced from ethics has corrupted the society. Therefore, more and more people are turning to Spirituality, Yoga and Meditation. Religious people are searching for the lost grid of spirituality in religion. Thus, there is a growing need of buildings to cater this need of people. There are spatial qualities and architectural elements based on experiential background and emotional attachments. To identify and define these connections, one has to go beyond the basic observation of signs and symbols, and analyse the spatial qualities and architectural elements which stimulate senses. 1.3 SCOPE OF THE STUDY A brief study of design tools, which are capable of making the experience soul stirring. These include form, space, volume, geometry, scale and proportions, light and colour. Historical and symbolic aspects of spiritual spaces have already been discussed. (Stella Kramrisch, The Hindu Temple, Vol. 2; Sir Banister Fletchers a History of Architecture, Sir Banister Fletcher,  Dan Cruickshank; Indian Architecture (Buddhist and Hindu Period), Percy Brown) Thus this study will be focused towards the very fundamental architectural criterion and spatial impression on individuals mind. The study does not discuss in detail many issues, like evolution, construction, etc. But focuses on the internal design aspects, concerning the designing of a spiritual space, which are known and acknowledged. Study should avoid commenting on the beliefs and rituals of various religions, but should debate towards the evolution and change of spatial qualities and form. 1.4 LIMITATION FOR THE RESEARCH Study of sacred spaces of all faiths is not possible within the limited time frame. A study of the built environment shall be undertaken which shall include only the spiritual aspect, the qualitative parameters and not the technical evaluation of the built form. Considering the time frame provided for the completion of the study, primary case studies taken are done from Delhi only. It would have been desirable to study how sacred can be woven into the everyday as well. 1.5 METHODOLOGY The study is intended to be broken into subheads that will make it easier to understand the topic that talks about spiritual dimensions in sacred spaces and architectural qualities influencing human behaviour. STAGE 1 IDENTIFYING NEED FOR THE STUDY Trying to find the objectives of study. Setting up the scope and limitations. STAGE 2 LITERATURE SURVEY Through the survey of all possible data related to the topic or on architecture and human behaviour. This stage of the research includes collecting data that is directly or indirectly related to spiritual aspect of architectural spaces. This has been done through the printed form or from the internet, articles and discussions of peoples relating to the study. Literature survey aims at sorting out case studies both inside and outside India and also at getting an review of what are the recent developments and events that are taking place in the field of spiritual architecture. STAGE 3 LITERATURE SURVEY 2 A study has been undertaken to understand the mental conditions of a man in different spaces and its relation with the creator. Through this the topic got defined and the question got framed. STAGE 4 INTERRELATING DIFFERENT SACRED STRUCTURES As our concern is on human being, the structures affecting human mind around the world should have similarities. Search for the overlapping of spatial qualities in sacred structures around the world. STAGE 5 FRAME WORK To make a framework of different issues and principles studied which can be applied on case studies. List of issues formulate questionnaire for the case studies and interviews. List of issues: Open and closed space Portal or entrance Path and surrounding landscape Destination point Form, geometry, proportion and scale Articulation and symbolism Light, colour and sound Touch, smell and taste STAGE 6 Fig 1.1 ISKCON Temple, New Delhi Fig 1.2 Cathedral Church of Redemption, New Delhi Fig 1.3 Jama Masjid, New DelhiCASE STUDIES ISKCON TEMPLE, NEW DELHI CATHEDRAL CHURCH OF REDEMPTION, NEW DELHI JAMA MASJID,NEW DELHI Case studies are selected to understand the sacredness and the spiritual consciousness through the built, the purpose behind it. Case studies will throw some light on the spatial qualities of spiritual spaces. Suitable case studies will be undertaken to examine the need of the topic and its negligence in present day scenario. STAGE 7 CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF CASE STUDY All the information collected so far was then analysed thoroughly. An analysis of experiencing the sacred buildings to out the design tools that an architect can employ to create the desired spiritual experience. STAGE 8 DESIGN IDEA FORMULATION After assimilation of all matter and analysis of material collected, conclusions are derived, as to, how an architect can use design tools to stimulate all the senses and make the experience of a spiritual space spiritual. CHAPTER 2: SPIRITUAL ENVIRONMENT AND HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2.1 SPATIAL QUALITIES AND HUMAN MIND The sacred is never intentionally chosen, but in some way or the other revels itself. -Eliade (1963) The meaning of structured space, a meaning which we believe lies in its dynamic relationship to its human personality and to our mental health. Fig 2.1 The self- Hindu thought (Source: Prof. H.D. Chayya)The environment in which humans operate has an important influence on their wellbeing and performance. Our structured environment is so important and, influence direct or indirect, on the shaping of personality and the choice as well as the attainment of goals. Emotional design and tangible interaction are compelling forms of enhancing user engagement. The combination of these modes of interaction can create a new dimension of human experience when physical movement in space or the manipulation of objects triggers emotions within an individual. By seamlessly integrating expressive tangible interaction techniques with ambient intelligence, that is, by creating environments that are sensitive and responsive to human gestures, meaningful experiences can be constructed. Leon Festinger, Stanley Schachter and Krik Bach found in their detailed studies of one urban situation, that physical spaces play a very large part in the formation of community relationships à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦and even minor architectural feature, such as the position of staircase and mailboxes, had important effects on the social life of people. The architect who builds a house or who designs a site plan, who decides which direction the houses will face and how close together they will be, also is, to a great extent, deciding the pattern of social life among the people who will live in those houses.(Strengthening Weak Ties: Social Networks and Student Housing, Thesis, B. Design in Architecture, University of Florida, 2011) Geoffrey Scotts book The Architecture of Humanism, 1914, he said, The architect models in space as a sculptor in clay. He designs the space as a work of art; that is, he attempts through his means to excite a certain mood in those who enter it. The view has been elaborated by others, among them Bruno Zevi, Architecture as Space, 1957: the facade and walls of house. Church, or palace, no matter how beautiful they may be, is only the container, the boxà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦; the content is the internal space. As Geoffrey Scott suggests, Space itself is not obvious, cannot be visually perceived; one sees only objects in space; or the structural members that encloses the space. Space itself can only be sensed- that is, felt; its quality is apprehended by means of the senses, but its effect is upon the emotions, and cannot readily be rationalized, measured or depicted. One can only gauge and describe accurately enough the adequacy or structural soundness, its provision for warmth, ventilation, sanitation, light, and other physical factors. One can criticize its components in terms of proportion, texture, colour and other aesthetic considerations. Fig. 2.2, 2.3, and 2.4 (Source: F.D.K.Ching, Architecture Form, Space and Order 3rd edition) Fig. 2.5 Non-sign II-art installation by  Annie Hans  and  Daniel Mihalyo But beyond all of these, there is an overall effect exerted upon ones consciousness by architectural space which defies precise definition.(Scott, Geoffrey, The Architecture of Humanism, 1914) Architecture truly conceived, is nothing less than the conscious and careful determination of our whole structured environment and leaves an impression on individuals mind, which can be controlled. Like a stage setting that controls the movements of actors and defines where and under what circumstances they can meet, our habitat channels our movements and influence our contacts. If we think of buildings at all, it is usually when we are jolted by some outrage, such as a stalled elevator or a leaky roof, long columned corridor, a double height space. (Walter, E.V., 1988, Placeways: A Theory of the Human Environment) Table 2.1 The concept of the spirit of a space (Source: Author)Some of the architectural integrant which affect human psychology are: Five senses Hearing Touch Sight Taste Smell The basic elements Space Air Fire Water Earth Instruments of perception (to acquire inward) Ear Skin Eyes Tongue Nose Work organs (to act outwards) Speech communication (exit) Hands work (finger) Feet mobility Anus discard Genitals procreate Control centre force Mind (flow of thoughts and emotions) Intellect (power of discrimination) The presiding force (PRANA or the life force) The cosmos consciousness or the supreme energy Architecture Silence Climate Light Plumbing Landscape transformation Acoustics Weather Colour Cooling Related technological fields Vibrations Texture surfaces Texture forms Repose odour Emotional Design Emotion is a fundamental aspect of what makes us human; it shapes our cognition, perception, memory, and learning and it colours our past, present, and future experiences. Emotional value is important in design for enhancing user experience as Donald Norman explains: Our attachment is really not to the thing, it is to the relationship, to the meanings and feelings the thing represents. Emotional design then, provides an aesthetic interaction that engages users on an emotional, meaningful, and psychological level. Whereas affective computing focuses on the system recognizing and adjusting to what it believes the user is feeling, emotional design focuses on the emotional experience. Physical and Tangible Interfaces Human movement is often spurred by intention and motivation within people. Tangible user interfaces allow users to interact with virtual information by sensing and manipulating physical environments through objects, surfaces, and spaces. Relation of architecture and human psychology is far interrelated. Appropriate use of various architectural components has the capacity of enlightening the atmosphere whereas inappropriate use does the opposite. The building forms, the functions incorporated in it, colours, negative and positive spaces in and around it may be the few points but architecture is directly attached with human psychology from conscious to subconscious level. 2.2 PLACEBO EFFECT: SCIENTIFIC EXPLANATION For decades, scientists have tried to understand the mysterious power of what is called the placebo effect. Placebo studies prove how powerfully we are influenced not just emotionally but physiologically by how we perceive the world around us. Articulation and architectural conditions in homes can have powerful and long-lasting psychological impact. The placebo effect offers a clue that points to how we might create curative environments. The placebo effect as a therapy, the fact that believers in a wide variety of ancient faith systems also claim similar effects, as have modern scientists who study mind/body medicine. Fig 2.6 Illustration of the interrelationship of stress, belief and how they may impact on the placebo effect and the relaxation response. (Source: http://www.sciencedirect.com)In other words, it impacts an ancient part of our brain which we share with many other species. Endogenous opioids, which are naturally produced by the brain in small amounts and play a key role in the relief of pain and anxiety, have been implicated in placebo analgesia. CHAPTER 3: SACRED SPACE AND SPIRITUALITY 3.1 OPEN SPACES: AS SACRED SPACES Does spirituality needs sacred spaces and vice versa? Does spirituality really is incomplete without architecture? Is it not the quality of the inner life, open to a virtual dimension that transcends the sensible, that matters? Fig 3.1 Lodhi Garden, New Delhi (Source: Author)Open space has two different meanings that work together to create sacred places that are inclusive and aware of many elements that may be exclusive to any potential user of the space. An open space is open to the public, meaning anyone of any race, faith, culture, or belief is able to enter the space. The space is for the whole community of different people rather than just one particular group. Or, an open space is one that feels welcoming and non-threatening to those that spend time in it; it feels like home for the soul. The design of the space and the placement of features such as portals, paths, universal symbols that have meaning across all religions, nations and ethnic groups, lend to the openness of the space by inviting those outside of the space to enter it. The combination of a space being open on both a physical and spiritual level is what makes up Open Spaces, Sacred Places. 3.2 ATTRIBUTES OF A SPIRITUAL SPACE Architecture is the first pioneer on the highway toward the adequate realization of inner self. For this means it levels space for self-realization, informs his external environment, and builds a fit place for the aggregation of those assembled having similar faith, as a defence against the threatening of tempest, against rain, and savage animals. Besides the variety of buildings and design approaches in the effort to create a space where man can feel spirituality, there can be found some common design tools that help to create the soul stirring experience. The following discuss some of these parameters. The portal or threshold is the entryway into the sacred space, which helps to separate the space from the greater surrounding space and invites you to step inside. A portal can be created with a hardscape such as a gate or a portico, or with simple planting. Fig 3.2 Portal to Garden, (Source: http://www.luminous-landscape.com) Fig 3.4 Open space, (Source: http://www.luminous-landscape.com) Fig 3.3 Pathway in a Garden, (Source: http://www.luminous-landscape.com)The path invites exploration and discovery along the route. It meanders through spaces, fuels the imagination and entices one to see where it may lead. The destination point is an end point within a space that inexplicably draws visitors. It may be a resting place, such as a bench, or a beautiful natural feature, such as a gurgling fountain or rain curtain. It is a point within the sacred space where those who visit always end up. Sacred spaces may have more than one destination point. Space and Volume Fig. 3.5 Space defining elements, Source: F.D.K.Ching, Architecture Form, Space and Order 3rd edition) Space, whether of the individual or the universal, possesses a unique quality of experiencing. It is hyper sensitive, besides being super potential. Sense of surround defines the space as separate and apart from the overall outdoor environment. Visitors who enter the space feel as though they are entering into a room. There are natural or man-made boundaries (or a combination of both) that delineate the space within the greater environment. These boundaries provide a subtle feeling of shelter, enabling people to feel safe and enjoy their time spent in the space. (Nicolas, W. Robert Leo A Daly, 2004, building Type Basics for Places of Worship) By generating a continuous flow of spaces, each act movement becomes an experience. Each component of architecture becomes important and provides for this linkage. It can be by repetition of elements, alteration in scale and proportion, staggering, light, texture, and colour and also by using perspective as a device to accentuate the drama. (Robinson,J., 1979, Religious Buildings) Fig. 3.6 Form and Space, Source: F.D.K.Ching, Architecture Form, Space and Order 3rd edition) Form and Geometry Architectural form is the point of contact between mass and space Architectural Form required to fulfil its functional requirements for that is the reason for its being both physical and spiritual. (Saarinen, E., op.cit. pg 14)Every form conveys a meaning. It is important to understand how form can transmit a spiritual meaning. Certain shapes and forms are conventional associated with certain meanings. Scale and Proportion Fig. 3.7 Vastupurusa (Source: Charles Correa, Vistara; Architecture of India) Fig. 3.8 Vitruvius Man (Source: Leonardo Da vinci.stanford.edu)Scale refers to the size of something compared to reference standard or size of something else. Deciding the scale of a sacred space is a common design concern. Some blend into the fabric of the neighbouring community and landscape; others stands out as landmarks, easily recognized for their special purpose. Generally the sacred spaces take monumental scale to create an atmosphere of awe, mystery and magnificence. The scale of the interior spaces, the size and weight of doors, and the exposed structural columns and beams all serve to denote the special quality of the sacred space. Fig. 3.9 LeCorbusier modular Man (Source: Corbusier, The modulor)Proportion refers to the proper or harmonious relation of one part to another or to the whole. While the designer usually has a range of choices when determining the proportions of things, some are given to us by the nature and the man himself. Human body proportions are used not merely as numbers with an inherent harmony, but as a system of measurements that could govern lengths, surfaces, and volumes. It can lend itself to an infinity of combination; it ensures unity with diversity; the miracle of numbers. Proportional buildings and scale link spiritual architecture to the mathematical structure of the cosmos. The building should relate well not only to the human scale but also the psyche. Light and Colour Fig. 3.12 Khajuraho Temple (Source: Kota Kesava Karthik) Fig. 3.11 Prayer at Church (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org)Light is regarded to be the most important component in definition of space or the manifestation of form in an architectural space; it not only defines the space but also gives meaning to it. In this study one looks at how light can create a place of worship; how to make a quiet, enclosed, isolated space, space full of activities, filled with vitality. Fig. 3.10 Khirki Masjid (Source: Jegmet Wangchuk) Colour is the attribute that most clearly distinguishes a form from its environment. We respond to bright colours, for instance red, with the emotional part of our brain. First, our muscles get tense, and then we lean towards the colour. Our respiration and heart rate goes up and the blood pressure starts rising. The opposite reactions occur when we see light colours such as blue. Our muscles relax, the heart and respiration rate drops and the blood pressure lowers. It also affects the visual weight of a form. Gradation of colour exist; from pale to brilliant; from cold to warm. Thus colour expression is also full of meaning. Texture is an important asset of colour. It is the visual and especially tactile quality given to a surface by shape and arrangement, and the proportions of the parts. Texture also determines to which the surfaces of a form reflect or absorb incident light. It gives an expression to the surface, thereby contributing to the overall impression. Color Colors Characteristics Colors Actions Red Stimulating, exciting, provocative, dynamic Increased enthusiasm, interest, and energy Pink Happy, sweet, spirited, romantic, youthful Calm and relaxing feelings Brown Wholesome, rich, durable, rustic, sheltering A connection with the natural earth and the stability this brings Orange Friendly, vital, tangy, energizing, inviting Increases creativity and gives relief from things becoming too serious Blue Dependable, cool, serene, constant, quiet Broadens your perspective in learning new information Green Refreshing, healing, fresh, soothing, nature Gives freedom to pursue new ideas Purple Sensual, elegant, mysterious, regal, spiritual Calms over activity or energizes from depression Black Strong, classic, elegant, powerful, mysterious Opens the door to mystery and prepares for the unknown Yellow Warming, sunny, cheerful, luminous, enlightening Gives clarity for decision making and sharper memory and concentration skills white Pure, bright, innocent, lightweight, pristine Starts a fresh beginning Fig. 3.13 Colours in Culture (Source: www.informationisbeautiful.net) Table. 3.1 Concept of Colours (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org)Symbolism Symbolism We can identify iconography depicted in architecture of these buildings as the signs and symbols and the inspirations taken directly from some other structure or theories and thoughts spread across the world. A symbol is the juxtaposition that is, a co-optation of visible forms brought forth to demonstrate some invisible matter. One needs to identify with ones religion that is where symbols play an important role.( JosePereira, 2004, The Sacred Architecture of Islam) Table. 3.2 Iconography in major religions (Source: JosePereira, The Sacred Architecture of Islam, 2004)Sacred symbolism is considered to be present in every major religious building, around the world. Iconography of sacred geography in three major religions of the world: TEMPLE MOSQUE CHURCH MOUNTAIN Shikhara Minaret Lofty towers STONE Idol One that in Kabba Altar TREE Present in courtyard Cross WATER Sarovar Ritual ablutions in courtyard Place of Baptism But is it signs and symbolism only which draw an impact on our behaviour. When we get in to some space, is the aesthetical and visual perception only gets conceived in our mind. Fig. 3.15 Temple Bells (Source: Author) Fig. 3.14 Prayer at church (Source: http://www.mlive.com) Fig. 3.16 Reciting Quran in Mardrsa (Source: http://www.mlive.com)SOUND The reverberant sound quality created by the proportions and the materials of sacred spaces set them apart from the ordinary. Sacred music, singing, chanting, the ringing of temple and church bells and intoning of prayers characterize specific rituals. The change in sound quality from the cacophony of the street to the harmony resonant silence signifies entry into a sacred space. TOUCH The experience of touch identifies a sacred space; the weight of the door handle, the textures of materials on walls and seating, and the hardness of stone underfoot. A change in temperature, such as the transition from the blazing heat of a busy city street into the cool and solitude of an interior can also denote a sacred space. Most of the textures are touched by vision, iconography, formed an integral part of a temple and a church architecture to convey the complete narrative. Though the following two are not translated into architectural terms, but they form an indispensable part of a complete spiritual experience. SMELL Fig. 3.20 Garlands for devotees (Source: Author) Fig. 3.18 IItr, scented oil Fig. 3.19 Votive Candles (Source: Author) Fig. 3.17 Agarbatti (Source: http://www.mlive.com)Incense is used extensively in the Roman Catholic and Buddhist traditions as a symbol of prayers going up to the deity. The smell of agarbatti and the flowers offered to deity are indispensable parts of the rituals for Hindu as well as many other faiths. The incense sticks are used even in meditation centers as the intoxicating smell stimulates your senses to the positive and calms you down. TASTE Fig. 3.23 Christmas cake (Source: www.google.com) Fig. 3.22 Korma (Source: Author) Fig. 3.21 Laddo (Source: Kota Kesava Karthik)Though this sensory experience is missing in many of the architecture, it still is an integral part of many religious experiences. All the Hindu temples have Prasad and Chanramrit (sweet water) as an indispensable part of the worshipping ritual. Some believe that this custom of sharing sweets is a memorial of the sweetness of the deities. Christians offer holy water in a similar manner. The prasad is obligatory in the Gurudwara too. 3.3 SPIRITUAL DIMENSION IN EXISTING BUILDING TYPOLOGY 3.3.1 THE HINDU TEMPLE The Hindu temple is essentially the House Of God. It is not a place for congregational worship. Though congregation for religious ceremonies do take place, but the worshippers communication with the divine is his own personal experience. The worshipper goes individually to the house of God and invokes his blessings. Stella Kramisch, in her book, The Hindu Temple says, the intellect of the age, absorbed largely in divine contemplation, is reflected in the temple idol

To Kill a Mockingbird: Innocence

A songbird's melody can evoke happiness in anyone, as can the smiling face of a child. The mockingbird sings for the sake of singing, and an innocent child possesses an inborn joyfulness, as natural as instinct. Yet a mockingbird's song dies as easily as the innocence of a child. In Harper Lee’s To Kill a Mockingbird, Scout and Jem are portrayed as innocents, uncorrupted by our world of prejudice and racism. Their world is simple, sensible, a child's world.However, three years in the life of 8-year-old Scout Finch, her brother, Jem, and their father, Atticus, are consumed by the arrest and eventual trial of a young black man accused of raping a white woman. By the end of the novel, their world has expanded to enclose the irrational nature of humans. Jem and Scout's growing up is portrayed by a series of events that shatters their innocence as easily as a mockingbird can be silenced.Lee uses a combination of insignificant and profound events: the trial of Tom Robinson, Walter C unningham, and their relationship with Boo Radley to develop and display the children’s growth in maturity. One of the first cracks in Scout’s armour of naivete occurs due to the fact that she speaks her mind. On Scout’s first day of school Scout tries to explain to her teacher that she is embarrassing Walter Cunningham by offering him something that he will not be able to pay back. Scout realizes that because her teacher is not a local, she will not know that about the Cunningham’s, but Scout's explanation gets her into trouble.When Scout explains â€Å"Walter’s one of the Cunningham’s,† (26), she was not trying to be insulting, but Miss Caroline mistakes her frank and innocent explanation as arrogance or rudeness and punishes her for it. Scout's perception of the world and her classmates is not yet marred by the social divisions that adults see. When Scout has Walter over for a meal Scout really does insult Walter this time as she q uestions the way he eats by saying â€Å"But he’s gone and drowned his dinner in syrup† (32) and makes him feel self-conscious.She is not doing it intentionally, she is just curious because she has never seen people who eat that way. She is too young to understand the social graces of Southern hospitality that dictate that you are always to make people feel at home and welcome no matter how unusual their habits may be. Scout and Jem are surrounded by racism and prejudice as children, but until they mature , they do not see it for what it is, until something enormously, obviously wrong occurs close to home. At first Scout does not understand what is wrong and keeps asking Jem questions about what is happening.While Atticus is asking questions directed to Mayella, â€Å"Slowly but surely [she] could see the pattern of Atticus’ questions† (244). Although this shows that Scout’s understanding about her father has improved, she is still oblivious to the deeper meaning of the trial. While Jem is explaining to Dill, Scout â€Å"supposes† it is â€Å"the finer points of the trial† (252). With Jem being able to do this, this proves that Jem has matured greatly since the beginning. But what surprised Scout and blew Jem away was the obvious unfairness of the verdict.When Jem states â€Å"You just can’t convict a man on evidence like that,† proves that Jem realizes the injustice that Tom Robinson faced (295). Atticus has shielded Scout and her brother from any outward prejudice against blacks. However, even he could not keep out the thought that coloured were not quite the same. Racism has been so deeply ingrained that Scout didn't realize its intensity and results until that tragedy opened her eyes. As a result, racism and its effects entered the ever-expanding world of the Finch children.Because of the perspective of childhood innocence, Boo Radley is given no identity apart from the youthful superstitions t hat surround him, and it is these superstitions that leave Jem and Scout oblivious to the fact that Boo just wants to protect them. Scout at first describes Boo as a â€Å"malevolent phantom,† (10) while Jem illustrates him as a â€Å"six-and-a-half feet tall† man that â€Å"dined on raw squirrels and any cats he could catch† (16). With these expressions they demonstrated how innocent the children are.After the children have found gifts inside a knot hole in a tree, their father finds out about their â€Å"game†. When Atticus witnesses his children leaving a note in the hole, he believes his children are causing harm so he tells them to â€Å"stop tormenting the man† (65). When Atticus says, â€Å"You just told me,† Jem did not realize that without actually saying that they were playing the Boo Radley game he still admitted to his father that that is what they were doing. Originally portrayed as a freak and a lunatic, Boo Radley continues to gain the sympathy of the children.When Nathan Radley closes the hole, Scout sees it as no more gifts, but Jem takes it more to heart. Nathan Radley claims that the â€Å"tree’s dying† (83) so Jem asks his father where he says that the tree is fine. When Jem realizes that Nathan had just cut off their connection, he was â€Å"crying,† (84). It is when Scout and Jem need saving that Scout understands that Boo was just merely looking out for them. While saying â€Å"Hey Boo† in person, this shows how mature Scout has gotten during the three years (362).Scout losses her innocence when she realizes that Boo Radley has given so much to them- gifts in the tree, a warm blanket on a cold night, folded up pants on a fence and their LIVES, but they have never repaid him. As if they were the harmless songbirds, the children's innocence is shattered by these events. Through their interactions with Walter, Tom’s trial and Boo Radley social prejudice, racism, mo bs, and â€Å"social exceptions† are now a part of their world. The naivete and purity have been replaced by the knowledge of human nature and the corruption of our world. The world is no longer simple, and the mockingbird is dead.

Exponential Decay and Percent Change

When an original amount is reduced by a consistent rate over a period of time, exponential decay is occurring. This example shows how to work a consistent rate problem or calculate the decay factor. The key to understanding the decay factor is learning about percent change. Following is an exponential decay function:    y a(1–b)x where: y is the final amount remaining after the decay over a period of timea is the original amountx represents timeThe decay factor is (1–b).The variable, b, is the percent change in decimal form. Because this is an exponential decay factor, this article focuses on percent decrease. Ways to Find Percent Decrease Three examples help illustrate ways to find percent decrease: Percent Decrease Is Mentioned in the Story Greece is experiencing tremendous financial strain because it owes more money than it can repay. As a result, the Greek government is trying to reduce how much it spends. Imagine that an expert has told Greek leaders that they must cut spending by 20 percent. What is the percent decrease, b, of Greece’s spending?  20 percentWhat is the decay factor of Greece’s spending? Decay factor: (1 – b)   (1 – .20) (.80) Percent Decrease Is Expressed in a Function As Greece reduces its government spending, experts predict that the country’s debt will decline. Imagine if the country’s annual debt could be modeled by this function:   y 500(1 – .30)x where y means billions of dollars, and x represents the number of years since 2009. What is the percent decrease, b, of Greece’s annual debt? 30 percentWhat is the decay factor of Greece’s annual debt? Decay factor: (1 – b) (1 – .30) .70 Percent Decrease Is Hidden in a Set of Data After Greece reduces government services and salaries, imagine that this data details Greece’s projected annual debt. 2009: $500 billion2010: $475 billion2011:  $451.25 billion2012: $428.69 billion How to Calculate Percent Decrease A. Pick two consecutive years to compare: 2009:  $500 billion; 2010:  $475 billion B. Use this formula: Percent decrease   (older– newer) / older: (500 billion – 475 billion) / 500 billion .05 or 5 percent C. Check for consistency. Pick two other consecutive years: 2011: $451.25 billion; 2012: $428.69 billion (451.25 – 428.69) / 451.25 is approximately .05 or 5 percent Percent Decrease in Real Life Salt is the glitter of American  spice racks. Glitter transforms construction paper and crude drawings into cherished Mother’s Day cards; salt transforms otherwise bland foods into national favorites. The abundance of salt in potato chips, popcorn, and pot pie mesmerizes the taste buds. Unfortunately, too much flavor can ruin a good thing. In the hands of heavy-handed adults, excess salt can lead to high blood pressure, heart attacks, and strokes. Recently, a lawmaker announced legislation that would force U.S. citizens and residents to cut back on the salt they consume. What if the salt-reduction law passed, and Americans began to consume less of the mineral? Suppose that each year, restaurants were mandated to decrease sodium levels by 2.5 percent annually, beginning in 2017. The predicted decline in heart attacks can be described by the following function:   y 10,000,000(1 – .10)x where y represents the annual number of heart attacks after x years. Apparently, the legislation would be worth its salt. Americans would be afflicted with fewer strokes. Here are fictional projections for annual strokes in America: 2016: 7,000,000 strokes2017: 6,650,000 strokes2018: 6,317,500 strokes2019: 6,001,625 strokes Sample Questions What is the mandated percent decrease in salt consumption in restaurants? Answer: 2.5 percent Explanation:  Three different things—sodium levels, heart attacks, and strokes—are predicted to decrease. Each year, restaurants were mandated to decrease sodium levels by 2.5 percent annually, beginning in 2017. What is the mandated decay factor for salt consumption in restaurants? Answer: .975 Explanation: Decay factor: (1 –  b) (1 – .025) .975 Based on predictions, what would be the percent decrease for annual heart attacks? Answer:  10 percent Explanation:  The predicted decline in heart attacks can be described by the following function:   y   10,000,000(1 – .10)x where  y  represents the annual number of heart attacks after  x  years. Based on predictions, what will be the decay factor for annual heart attacks? Answer: .90 Explanation: Decay factor: (1 -  b) (1 - .10) .90 Based on these fictional projections, what will be the percent decrease for strokes in America? Answer:  5 percent Explanation: A. Choose data for two consecutive years:  2016: 7,000,000 strokes; 2017: 6,650,000 strokes B. Use this formula:  Percent decrease (older – newer)  / older (7,000,000 – 6,650,000)/7,000,000 .05 or 5 percent C. Check for consistency and choose data for another set of consecutive years: 2018: 6,317,500 strokes; 2019: 6,001,625 strokes Percent decrease   (older – newer)  / older (6,317,500 – 6,001,625) / 6,001,625 approximately .05 or 5 percent Based on these fictional projections, what will be the decay factor for strokes in America? Answer: .95 Explanation: Decay factor: (1 –  b) (1  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ .05) .95 Edited by Anne Marie Helmenstine, Ph.D.

Application And Application Of Clearing Fee Application

Currently the current and former clients of the ICE Exchange, their back and middle office personnel (Client Services, Fees team, Balancers) who are the heavy users of this application have complained that the Search features within the membership and Trader ID are not specific enough and that certain processes such as registration and allocations are time consuming, flawed, and not efficient in which they have to use this system for accounting and client services reasons. Therefore, it is the objective of the Post Trade Technology Department, Development and QA Team, and the Lead Sponsor to improve and develop the Clearing Fee Application to improve current features and to add new uses as well. The opportunity that this project presents is multiple. First, we will learn from our clients through face to face and conference calls what features they would like improved and what they would like added. Secondly, this gives an opportunity to the Exchange to upgrade a client facing application. Lastly, by upgrading the Clearing Fee Application (CFA), it will further enhance our reporting requirement under the Dodd-Frank Act, which requires Exchanges to give more transparency in trades. Overall the project will be conducted in an Agile environment. Project Deliverables The first project deliverable would be to gather information from both internal and external sources to upgrading and adding new features. The next deliverable item would create a business requirementsShow MoreRelatedWhy Facebook Acquired WhatsApp? 1139 Words   |  5 Pagesthere is evidence which suggests that there is a decline in the use of desktop computers accompanied by an increase in the ownership of smart-phones and tablets. This is reflected in the tremendous growth in the development and download of mobile applications, especially ones that provide free modes of communication. 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Assuming the role of settlement coordinator and risk manager for broker transactions as well as administrator of the trade guaranty fund is the Securities Clearing Corporation of the Philippines (SCCP). SCCP is the clearing and settlement agency for depository eligible trades in the Exchange. Companies are listed in the PSE on the First Board, Second Board or the Small and Medium Enterprises Board. To help the investing public keep trackRead MoreThe Industrial And Commercial Bank Of China1537 Words   |  7 PagesChina (ICBC)has been designated as the first RMB clearing commercial bank in Luxembourg, which is one of the world s financial centres on September 16, 2014 (ICBC,2014).The Clearing bank is a commercial bank that is part of a network of banks that can clear cheque for its clients, regardless of whether cheque check originates from the same commercial bank (Language Forums).This achievement marked a major step for ICBC to create a global RMB clearing network across different time zones, while significantlyRead MoreCredit Cards : Simplified : Credit Card1516 Words   |  7 PagesAuthorised transactions are kept in ‘batches’ which are sent to the acquirer at a fixed period of time usually once in a day. Clearing and Settlement-The batch transactions are sent by the acquirer through the credit card association which debits the issuers for payment and credits the acquirer. 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The Sunflower on the Possibilities and Limits of...

Forgiveness is to stop feeling angry, to stop blaming someone for the way they made a person feel, and stop feeling victims of whatever wickedness was directed towards them. Is forgiveness necessary? Can everyone be forgiven despite the circumstances? If forgiveness depends on the situation, then is it necessary at all? Does forgiveness allow someone to continue their life in peace? Is forgiving someone who causes physical pain to someone, as a pose to forgiving someone who murdered a member of the family the same? If someone can forgive one of these acts so easily can the other be forgiven just as easy? Forgiveness allows for someone to come to terms with what they have experienced. In the case of murder forgiveness is necessary because†¦show more content†¦The conversation between Wiesenthal and Bolek is another example of forgiveness is necessary. When Wiesenthal tells Bolek of what he experienced in the dying SS man’s room, Bolek says he describes it as a man who showed signs of â€Å"repentance, genuine, sincere repentance† (Wiesenthal 82). He means that Wiesenthal believes the dying SS man’s apology was sincere. He believes that Wiesenthal seen his apology as genuine and that he deserved the â€Å"mercy of forgiveness† (Wiesenthal 82). Wiesenthal spots a sunflower behind a bush, he takes it as the sunflower has come to â€Å"remind [him]† (Wiesenthal 84) of what he describes as a â€Å"feeling of duty† (Wiesenthal 84). Wiesenthal â€Å"duty† (Wiesenthal 85) and his planning on visiting the mother of the deceased SS man show that he is beginning to realize that he needs to come to terms with his experienced at the hospital in Lemberg. He visits her for closure and ultimately to decide within himself if he should finally forgive the man responsible for the murder of hundreds of innocent Jewish people. Edward H. Flannery states that The Sunflower presents â€Å"an important moral question† (Flannery 135). Flannery argues in favor of forgiveness. He states that Karl, the dying SS man, could had asked for forgiveness for what â€Å"he had done† (Flannery 137) not forgiveness on the behalf of others. Flannery states thatShow MoreRelatedMorals and Forgiveness in Simon Wiesenthals The Sunflower Essay1584 Words   |  7 PagesIn Simon Wiesenthal’s The Sunflower, he recounts his incidence of meeting a dying Nazi soldier who tells Simon that he was responsible for the death of his family. Upon telling Simon the details, Karl asks for his forgiveness for what he helped accomplish. Simon leaves Karl without giving him an answer. This paper will argue that, even though Karl admits to killing Simon’s family in the house, Simon is morally forbidden to forgive Karl because Karl does not seem to show genuine remorse for his committedRead MoreEssay about A Look Inside Forgiveness1056 Words   |  5 Pages Everyone has the control within them to forgive or not to forgive someone. Forgiveness comes down to taking responsibility for the choices we make and doing what we believe is right. By forgiving others, authority of our own lives can be regained by letting go of the conflicting objects from the past and moving into a more significant direction. The world today is full of conflict and people are being hurt every day. Conflict is seen today in politics, between countries, and between yourRead MoreOf Silence and Sunflowers: a a Response to Simon Wisenthals Question in â€Å"the Sunflower†691 Words   |  3 Pagesquestion poised to the reader of Simon Wiesenthals â€Å"The Sunflower†. 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Sleep Free Essays

Sleep Sleep is a very important part of our daily life. A sound sleep makes a whole world of difference as it helps the body to recover from the stress and strain of the day. Thus, it can safely be said that it is not just a pit-stop for the body from top-to-toe to rest and repair itself. We will write a custom essay sample on Sleep or any similar topic only for you Order Now It helps to revitalize the will and sharpen the mind. After an adequate rest of between seven to eight hours, you spring out of bed and are ready to take on the world. On the other hand, getting up groggy and lethargic means you have probably overslept or had a bad night. Therefore, you should try to sleep before midnight, preferably from 10p. m. to 6a. m. This is the time most of us feel drowsy as the body mechanism starts to slow down. Follow a regular sleep pattern, that is, go to bed and wake up at the same time every day as far as possible. The mind sends sleep signals when you are ready for bed. Hence, ignoring such signals and trying to beat sleep will only leave you struggling to fall asleep. Dim or switch off all the lights in the room as artificial lights supposedly kill the release of melatonin, which aids the sleep process. You should not try to stay up to do computer work past midnight. The body will not have sufficient time to renew and heal itself and you might wake up feeling tired, constipated and depressed the next morning. The number of sleep hours varies from person to person. Some people can do with four hours while others need eight hours of sleep. Babies need more hours of sleep while teenagers and working adults need less hours of sleep. As one ages, like the older people, one will have the tendency to sleep less. In general, the maximum number of sleep hours is eight hours. There are certain food that helps you to relax the brain and nerves and make sleep easy. They include food like rice, wholegrain pasta, vegetables, oats and chocolate, all of which contain tryptophan, the amino acid that produces serotonin to help you nod off. A glass of milk or chamomile tea can help to relax the mind and body. To wind down to a good night’s rest, have a light dinner, relax with a book, indulge in a warm bath and you are ready for a good sleep by ten. How to cite Sleep, Essay examples

Management Theory and Pratice of Toyota Motors

Question: Discuss about the Management Theory and Pratice of Toyota Motors. Answer: Introduction First of all, the requirement is to understand that what an ethical dilemma is. It is a situation in which company deals with some unethical issue that may or may not offer some benefits or gains to the company. This report will be discussed on the ethical issues and dilemma of Toyota Motors Corporation Australia which is known by its trading name Toyota Australia. The issue was poor safety and quality control in this organization. With the help of quality control and labor management, this organization cooped up with the ethical issues. A significance of leadership, ethics and decision making will also be discussed in regard to Toyota Australia. There are various leadership styles, and importance of the leaders in an organization will also mentioned with relevant data. A famous write said that A leader is a person who knows the way, shows the way and goes the way. Toyota Motors Corporation Australia is a world famous car manufacturer that produces, develops and sells the vehicles like Tiara, Crown, Corona, Camry, Corolla, Apollo, Nova, Avalon, Aurion, Camry hybrid, etc. Toyota Motors Corporation Australia is also famous for its Lexus vehicles in Australia. It is a multinational company that is worlds second largest automaker of vehicles. The employees of Toyota were about 316,000 in the year 2008. The employees working in Toyota are from around the world. It is calculated that this company employees number is first after Toyota motors, the general motors in which the employees are 266,000. By the end of the year 1989, Toyota motors started its manufacturing in Europe where plants were installed and some other plants in United Kingdom. The relationship between ethics, leadership and decision making There is an immense relationship between the three concepts as all of them are interconnected to each other. It is observed that the concepts of ethical behavior are applied by the leaders using effective decision making. The leaders are responsible in implementing the ethics into the organisation. They know how to manage the process of decision making through using ethics in the company. They embrace best practices that so that ethical decision can be determined at the workplace. Many business organizations face problems related to ethnicity that affects the process of decision making for the leaders. It is very relevant for leaders to understand the relevance of ethical behavior and decision making. The Toyota Company was facing many social and ethical dilemmas that are related to their quality control and human resource management. These issues must be solved as soon as possible as the company is turning towards a global platform. These issues will lead in negative reputation of the company around the world. It is observed that the technology used in the car manufacturing is commendable. Also the technology present in the cars is also very attractive. It is a multinational organization that can be assumed on the first rank in the car manufacturing but the worst fact is that this company is facing ethical dilemma that must be improved (Avolio, Yammarino, 2013). First ethical issue of Toyota motors was abuse workers First ethical issue of Toyota motors was that the workers of this company was tortured and abused. This is the reason due to which the plants of Toyota manufacturing in the Japan were famous. They were known as the worst sweat shops of the world. The operations taken place in the shops of Toyota motors were known as slavery and human trafficking. There are thousands of "Karoshi" who claimed against Toyota every year. The meaning of this term is over work to death. The suicides rates of the employees were very high as well as the employees were injured (Weaver, Agle, 2002). There was no criterion of compensation to the employees due to which Toyota motors has become a well known company of union busting. It was noticed that Toyota built their plants in the poorest states and countries so that they can take advantage of cheap labor resource around the world. The worst part was they keep the employees as a temporary worker for four years. The goals of this company were to lower down the average wages and salaries of workers. Due to this, Toyota is one of the most profits earning corporation (Dent, Higgins, Wharff, 2005). Second ethical issue of Toyota motors was environmental issue Globalization is providing huge opportunities for the company but due to the environmental issues and rules and regulations of the government, many companies are unable to take advantage from those opportunities. Companies are opening their branches in the international markets but they are facing many challenges due to the policies related to the environment. The manufacturing of motor vehicles is very high and governments of the countries are providing free trade pass due to the globalization (Gardner, Cogliser, Davis, Dickens, 2011). It directly or indirectly affects the companies like Toyota motors who are in the manufacturing of cars and vehicles and due to this many climatic changes problems are arising. It was observed that companies who are in the manufacturing of cars, releasing fumes. Toyota motor is also releasing fumes that contribute in the climatic and environmental problems. There is an invention of electric cars in the market that is a threatening situation for the car manufacturing companies including Toyota motors (Trevio, Weaver, 2003). The reality is that in future more appreciation will be received by electric cares due to fact that they are environmental friendly cars. This is the reason due to which Toyota motor is also planning to manufacture electric cars in the future to save itself from the competition (Reynolds, Olson, 2001). Third issues- Poor quality control The severe issue of Toyota motors is poor management of the quality control that results in poor quality of goods and services provided by the company. The desire of Toyota motors was too high as they want to supplant general motors which is worlds number one car manufacturing company (Sonenshein, 2007). It was observe that Toyota motors focus on the expansion of the organization by manufacturing great numbers but not on the quality and management of the company. There was an issue with the accelerators and gas pedals. This could lead the company to feel potential guilt for the criminal act also for the customers abuse. When any company gives priority to its bottom line interest instead of the safety and security of the customers in such cases the companies are declared as fraud and unethical company that must be terminated form the management and organisation (Reinartz, Krafft, Hoyer, 2004). Theories that can help the Toyota motors to correct the ethical issues in the organisation It is one of the most effective theory in which is a quality improvement theory. The aim is to focus on all the good and bad results produced by the any activity takes places in Toyota. This theory relies on the intrinsic value of the consequences. It is little different from the ethical theories as under this theory the rightness and wrongness of any activity depends on the motive of the organisation. The utilitarian theory manages the decision making process of Toyota by providing effective ways and methods (Ordonez, Schweitzer, Galinsky, Bazerman, 2009). The reputation of the company was going down due to the ethical issues. Due to this, the image of Toyota was severely affected. However, the company decided to improve the image by establishment various theories like utilitarian theory, ethical theory, etc. The president of Toyota motors, Akio Toyodo met the Prime Minister so that the company can regain the brand image and the confidence of the customers (Brokks, 2013). Toyota is now applying descriptive ethical theories and how effective decision can be made in the company to normalize the situation. Descriptive ethical theory like utilitarian theory helps in analyzing the ethical decisions made by the managers. Now, the decisions are made through comprehensive discussions on the management at the board meetings and many other meetings takes place by the decision making bodies of Toyota motors. The decision passed by Toyota motors not only affects the customers but also has a significant affects on the investors, risk like high competition, volatile, etc. (Gardner, et.al. 2010) Ethical theory or a theory of justice states that there must be freedom and equality in the organization. It is a situation in which the demand and need of the labors are fulfilled and provide them their equal rights. It is very important to keep the equity of the labor of the company to keep happy and satisfied. The Ethical theories of Toyota motors is based on a mutual trust and understanding between the labor of the company and the management (Mehri, 2006). Toyota motors have realized the value of uses of theories, ethical decision making, vision, mission, etc. in which the reflection of effective leadership present. This can be visible by application of effective styles of leadership, managerial styles, and management of the quality control and labor, etc. The view point of this theory is that a Toyota motors can do not any activity against any individual as they are the holders of moral and equal rights. The theory of ethics states that having a right refers to having a special kind of protection. There are various types of moral rights and rules for the employees working in Toyota that are applicable on all the employees. Ethical theory is constructive in nature as it claims that each individual should value the norms and follow them irrespective of any circumstances. In early time, Toyota was not able to fulfill the ethics of their employees as they were no paying right wages and salaries to their employees. There were many activities that do not come under ethical theory (Barney, 2001). There are various mutual concepts between them like if there is justice in the organization of the employees than it is a signal that there is growth and development taking place in the right direction of the company. This believes that the labor and company both share common goals that are to earn profits and revenue for the company which can ultimately benefit both the parties. The management of Toyota motors expects that the labor should remain stable in the company and give their best performance to the same. In exchange of this, Toyota provides labor a sense of justice and equality that help them to cooperate with the rules and regulation of the company. In order to have an effective practice of ethical theories, there must be good relation between the both parties (Lockett, Moon, Visser, 2006). The leader: link the theories of leadership on decision making The type of decisions making applied in Toyota motors is very unique and philosophical. They believe in short term decision making which is more effective. They also think that despite of earning more profits and sales it is also very relevant to understand the role of the employees working in the company. This is the reason due to which Toyota motors observes with the managerial skills of the employees. Afterwards, the decisions are made by using virtue theory in which the philosophy of the companies are considered as right according to the morals. This principle is than applied to all the organization covering all the major areas of the internal and external environment of the company. It also helps to monitor the competition present in the external environment. This theory helps in effective execution of work and roles so that the objective of the company can be achieved (Carrigan, Attalla, 2001). Decision making by the leaders of Toyota motors There are four basic styles of the leaders that help the companies depending on the nature of the requirement like autocratic leaders, democratic leaders, bureaucratic leader and laissez-faire or delegating leader. The type of leadership style present in Toyota motors is autocratic style of leadership. Autocratic leaders are the leaders who have a direct control on employees. The process of decision making is also done by the leaders without the interference of any employees or team member. This type of leadership style results is rigid rules and regulations with disregard of the input and outputs (Giacalone, Rosenfeld, 2013). In this style, a sole leader makes the organizational decisions that are based on his own views and ideas with no consultancy of any other member or even the management of the company. There is an immense potential in autocratic style of leadership if it is mixed with other styles of leadership like little bit of democratic and bureaucratic leadership styles. There is no scope of the effective communication in this leadership style. Neither, there is an establishment of good relations among the employees and team members. The biggest advantage of autocratic leadership style is that it provides fast results and very quick decisions no matter what would be the final outcome (Ledingham, Bruning, Ki, Kim, 2000). There are many disadvantages of autocratic leadership style that is the entire team depends on the leader and his decisions. It can be effective when the leaders are strong and competent. In such cases, the leaders have to take decisions on their own and the team worked efficiently and effectively. However, if the leader is not competent and do not have moral and ethical values than the companies have to struggle. An autocratic leader affects the ethical and moral norms of the company by imposing his own decision on other regardless of any other opinions and final outcomes (Callahan, Jennings, 2002). Structure and culture available in Toyota motors The organizational structure and culture of Toyota motors is an overall response of the hard work of employees and the managers. There are lots of challenges and issues faced by this company in the past but with the effective management this company has made a great position in the global market. It is a global leader of car manufacturing company so the culture and structure of Toyota motors is very innovative and dynamic (Waldman, Ramirez, House, Puranam, 2001). The aim is to maximize the human resource and their capabilities. It is not easy for such an international company to survive in a competition which is very tough. However, with the use of prominent policies and strategies, this company is enjoying a great position. The structure of Toyota motors shows that this company facilitates the learning of the employees by providing them training and growth programs. It also highlights the relevancy of development of appropriate support of the culture in the success of the business (Witziers, Bosker, Krger, 2003). The companys organisational and cultural structure is very much supportive towards principles, ethical issues, moral, innovation, beliefs m etc. The company believes that it is important to understand the needs and wants of the customers as well as of employees so that they can retain for longer period of time. There was a reorganization of Toyota motors taken place in the year 2013, in which this company had gone through from some corresponding changes. Before that, the company was very rigid and follows hierarchy. Now days, there is a change in the team work, quality, secrecy, etc. there are continuity in the process of improvements (Ziv, Wolpe, Small, Glick, 2006). Some decisions and activities that have done to enusre ethical decisions by the leader The leader who is ethically strong and takes decision according to the social and moral values creates a very positive impact on the organization like Toyota motors. They help to improve the culture and behavior of the organization by imposing positive decisions on the team and groups. He is the one who is capable of bringing difference in the company through his focus on what is right and what is wrong. The desire of these leaders is to serve others and make a positive difference (Dane, Pratt, 2007). There are few activities that can show how Toyota motors are successful in the process of decision making. It is not easy for the leaders and managers follow each and every ethic. However, the managers and leaders of Toyota motors face the challenges and complexities and take ethical decisions so that the company is able to survive in the social environment. It is also important to manage ethnicity on a daily basis. Managers and leaders of Toyota motors take day to day ethical decision for the organization in order to be in a competition of sustainability and ethnicity (Srivastava, Bartol, Locke, 2006). It is relevant to the leaders to win the trust and confidence of the employees and they have to keep in mind that they should not done any activity that leads negative impression and erode the trust between the team and themselves. This is the way to operate in an ethical way in the company. It is not relevant that a company who is following all the rules and regulations can be ethical and moral in nature. There are other actions and activities that must be conducted to fulfill the ethical aspects of the company. It includes sustainability, human welfare, environment, social justice, equity, etc. (Jean-Marie, Normore, Brooks, 2009) It is also vital for the leaders to not to exempt any individual from meeting the expectation of ethnicity. There must be no excuse and reasons to break the rules for the ethical aspects. Many companies appreciate the ethical activities and moments and cheer those movements. Leaders should also discuss the ethical ongoing activities so that the employees become familiar to such activities and take effective participation in the same (Carroll, 2004). Conclusion As a conclusion for this report, Toyota Motors Corporation Australia is one of the most famous cars manufacturing company of the world that is facing dilemma with the ethical issues such as quality control, environmental problems, labor issues, and many others. In order to improve all these issues Toyota must follow all effective leadership theories and styles to be in borders of sustainability. This can help in the applicability of best ethical practices and ethical terms in the organization by the leaders of the company. At last, a conclusion is made that leadership plays an important role in every company. Toyota motors also changed their leadership styles according to the ethics, sustainability and trust of the customers and the employees who are working with the Toyota motors. They have realized the value of effective leaders. This can be visible by application of effective styles of leadership, managerial styles, and management of the quality control and labor, etc. which is effectively described in this report. It is also observed that the process of effective decision making by the leaders in Toyota Motors Corporation Australia was lacking. They must use effective theories and leadership styles, etc. The leadership style of Toyota Motors Corporation Australia was not a combination of decision making and ethical behavior and also do not prioritized the ethics whether it is a big or small organization. It is very important to have a cause and effect relationship between the leaders and the employ ees that ultimately helps in the success of the organization. References Avolio, B. 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