The Sunflower on the Possibilities and Limits of...

Forgiveness is to stop feeling angry, to stop blaming someone for the way they made a person feel, and stop feeling victims of whatever wickedness was directed towards them. Is forgiveness necessary? Can everyone be forgiven despite the circumstances? If forgiveness depends on the situation, then is it necessary at all? Does forgiveness allow someone to continue their life in peace? Is forgiving someone who causes physical pain to someone, as a pose to forgiving someone who murdered a member of the family the same? If someone can forgive one of these acts so easily can the other be forgiven just as easy? Forgiveness allows for someone to come to terms with what they have experienced. In the case of murder forgiveness is necessary because†¦show more content†¦The conversation between Wiesenthal and Bolek is another example of forgiveness is necessary. When Wiesenthal tells Bolek of what he experienced in the dying SS man’s room, Bolek says he describes it as a man who showed signs of â€Å"repentance, genuine, sincere repentance† (Wiesenthal 82). He means that Wiesenthal believes the dying SS man’s apology was sincere. He believes that Wiesenthal seen his apology as genuine and that he deserved the â€Å"mercy of forgiveness† (Wiesenthal 82). Wiesenthal spots a sunflower behind a bush, he takes it as the sunflower has come to â€Å"remind [him]† (Wiesenthal 84) of what he describes as a â€Å"feeling of duty† (Wiesenthal 84). Wiesenthal â€Å"duty† (Wiesenthal 85) and his planning on visiting the mother of the deceased SS man show that he is beginning to realize that he needs to come to terms with his experienced at the hospital in Lemberg. He visits her for closure and ultimately to decide within himself if he should finally forgive the man responsible for the murder of hundreds of innocent Jewish people. Edward H. Flannery states that The Sunflower presents â€Å"an important moral question† (Flannery 135). Flannery argues in favor of forgiveness. He states that Karl, the dying SS man, could had asked for forgiveness for what â€Å"he had done† (Flannery 137) not forgiveness on the behalf of others. Flannery states thatShow MoreRelatedMorals and Forgiveness in Simon Wiesenthals The Sunflower Essay1584 Words   |  7 PagesIn Simon Wiesenthal’s The Sunflower, he recounts his incidence of meeting a dying Nazi soldier who tells Simon that he was responsible for the death of his family. Upon telling Simon the details, Karl asks for his forgiveness for what he helped accomplish. Simon leaves Karl without giving him an answer. This paper will argue that, even though Karl admits to killing Simon’s family in the house, Simon is morally forbidden to forgive Karl because Karl does not seem to show genuine remorse for his committedRead MoreEssay about A Look Inside Forgiveness1056 Words   |  5 Pages Everyone has the control within them to forgive or not to forgive someone. Forgiveness comes down to taking responsibility for the choices we make and doing what we believe is right. By forgiving others, authority of our own lives can be regained by letting go of the conflicting objects from the past and moving into a more significant direction. The world today is full of conflict and people are being hurt every day. Conflict is seen today in politics, between countries, and between yourRead MoreOf Silence and Sunflowers: a a Response to Simon Wisenthals Question in â€Å"the Sunflower†691 Words   |  3 Pagesquestion poised to the reader of Simon Wiesenthals â€Å"The Sunflower†. Many answered his question, philosophers, nuns, survivors of genocide and an ex nazi and each provide a different answer. Joining each different response is the act of forgiving, either giving or denying each provide a scale on the limits of forgiveness. What are my limits of forgiveness what would I have done? Fist of all what is forgiveness? Many of the contributors to Wiesenthal â€Å"The Sunflower† give their own definition, butRead MoreThe Sunflower1833 Words   |  8 Pages The Sunflower: Compassion and Forgiveness A fact which we all have to emit is that humanity existence always creates conflicts and fighting which we call WAR. In war, people kill each others for many reasons ---- resources, personal benefits, territories, powers, revenge, etc. In war, one becomes a hero for killing human lives and eventually he gets honored and well-known in people s heart. The Holocaust, according to Germans, was the war between Germans and Jews. Approximately six millionRead MoreThe Sunflower1414 Words   |  6 PagesGeorge Makreas Prof. Christopher Dowling ENG 100 T-TH G00848186 The Sunflower: On the Possibilities and Limits of Forgiveness The Holocaust will always be remembered by the world as a period where human evil was most prevalent, and where millions of innocent lives were taken in cold blood. It doesn’t matter whether your ancestors were involved, or if you were around to experience it, you only have to be human in order to feel for all of the people who were affected. Over the years studiesRead MoreFrom Human Wrongs to Human Rights Many Novels1045 Words   |  4 Pagesin both Night by Elie Wiesel and The Sunflower: On the Possibilities and Limits of Forgiveness by Simon Wiesenthal. The Holocaust was a devastating event that opened our eyes to just how cruel humans can be, and why human rights must be enforced and protected. Inside the barbed wire fences of Holocaust concentration camps, it was hard to tell the corpses from the living. The Jews didn’t seem like humans anymore, degraded and abused. In The Sunflower, Simon describes the concentration camps: â€Å"TheRead More Forgiveness Essay1329 Words   |  6 PagesSimon Wiesenthal’s question â€Å"What would [you] have done† if one had the opportunity to forgive a Nazi soldier forces humanity to understand and apply our moral repertoire. My moral repertoire I mean the set of moral beliefs that informs our understanding of forgiveness and the criteria by which we evaluate its Karl the Nazi Soldier, who initiates our inquiry into forgiveness, represents multiple identities. He is at once a rational human being, a member and supporter of the Nazi military, a

Sleep Free Essays

Sleep Sleep is a very important part of our daily life. A sound sleep makes a whole world of difference as it helps the body to recover from the stress and strain of the day. Thus, it can safely be said that it is not just a pit-stop for the body from top-to-toe to rest and repair itself. We will write a custom essay sample on Sleep or any similar topic only for you Order Now It helps to revitalize the will and sharpen the mind. After an adequate rest of between seven to eight hours, you spring out of bed and are ready to take on the world. On the other hand, getting up groggy and lethargic means you have probably overslept or had a bad night. Therefore, you should try to sleep before midnight, preferably from 10p. m. to 6a. m. This is the time most of us feel drowsy as the body mechanism starts to slow down. Follow a regular sleep pattern, that is, go to bed and wake up at the same time every day as far as possible. The mind sends sleep signals when you are ready for bed. Hence, ignoring such signals and trying to beat sleep will only leave you struggling to fall asleep. Dim or switch off all the lights in the room as artificial lights supposedly kill the release of melatonin, which aids the sleep process. You should not try to stay up to do computer work past midnight. The body will not have sufficient time to renew and heal itself and you might wake up feeling tired, constipated and depressed the next morning. The number of sleep hours varies from person to person. Some people can do with four hours while others need eight hours of sleep. Babies need more hours of sleep while teenagers and working adults need less hours of sleep. As one ages, like the older people, one will have the tendency to sleep less. In general, the maximum number of sleep hours is eight hours. There are certain food that helps you to relax the brain and nerves and make sleep easy. They include food like rice, wholegrain pasta, vegetables, oats and chocolate, all of which contain tryptophan, the amino acid that produces serotonin to help you nod off. A glass of milk or chamomile tea can help to relax the mind and body. To wind down to a good night’s rest, have a light dinner, relax with a book, indulge in a warm bath and you are ready for a good sleep by ten. How to cite Sleep, Essay examples

Management Theory and Pratice of Toyota Motors

Question: Discuss about the Management Theory and Pratice of Toyota Motors. Answer: Introduction First of all, the requirement is to understand that what an ethical dilemma is. It is a situation in which company deals with some unethical issue that may or may not offer some benefits or gains to the company. This report will be discussed on the ethical issues and dilemma of Toyota Motors Corporation Australia which is known by its trading name Toyota Australia. The issue was poor safety and quality control in this organization. With the help of quality control and labor management, this organization cooped up with the ethical issues. A significance of leadership, ethics and decision making will also be discussed in regard to Toyota Australia. There are various leadership styles, and importance of the leaders in an organization will also mentioned with relevant data. A famous write said that A leader is a person who knows the way, shows the way and goes the way. Toyota Motors Corporation Australia is a world famous car manufacturer that produces, develops and sells the vehicles like Tiara, Crown, Corona, Camry, Corolla, Apollo, Nova, Avalon, Aurion, Camry hybrid, etc. Toyota Motors Corporation Australia is also famous for its Lexus vehicles in Australia. It is a multinational company that is worlds second largest automaker of vehicles. The employees of Toyota were about 316,000 in the year 2008. The employees working in Toyota are from around the world. It is calculated that this company employees number is first after Toyota motors, the general motors in which the employees are 266,000. By the end of the year 1989, Toyota motors started its manufacturing in Europe where plants were installed and some other plants in United Kingdom. The relationship between ethics, leadership and decision making There is an immense relationship between the three concepts as all of them are interconnected to each other. It is observed that the concepts of ethical behavior are applied by the leaders using effective decision making. The leaders are responsible in implementing the ethics into the organisation. They know how to manage the process of decision making through using ethics in the company. They embrace best practices that so that ethical decision can be determined at the workplace. Many business organizations face problems related to ethnicity that affects the process of decision making for the leaders. It is very relevant for leaders to understand the relevance of ethical behavior and decision making. The Toyota Company was facing many social and ethical dilemmas that are related to their quality control and human resource management. These issues must be solved as soon as possible as the company is turning towards a global platform. These issues will lead in negative reputation of the company around the world. It is observed that the technology used in the car manufacturing is commendable. Also the technology present in the cars is also very attractive. It is a multinational organization that can be assumed on the first rank in the car manufacturing but the worst fact is that this company is facing ethical dilemma that must be improved (Avolio, Yammarino, 2013). First ethical issue of Toyota motors was abuse workers First ethical issue of Toyota motors was that the workers of this company was tortured and abused. This is the reason due to which the plants of Toyota manufacturing in the Japan were famous. They were known as the worst sweat shops of the world. The operations taken place in the shops of Toyota motors were known as slavery and human trafficking. There are thousands of "Karoshi" who claimed against Toyota every year. The meaning of this term is over work to death. The suicides rates of the employees were very high as well as the employees were injured (Weaver, Agle, 2002). There was no criterion of compensation to the employees due to which Toyota motors has become a well known company of union busting. It was noticed that Toyota built their plants in the poorest states and countries so that they can take advantage of cheap labor resource around the world. The worst part was they keep the employees as a temporary worker for four years. The goals of this company were to lower down the average wages and salaries of workers. Due to this, Toyota is one of the most profits earning corporation (Dent, Higgins, Wharff, 2005). Second ethical issue of Toyota motors was environmental issue Globalization is providing huge opportunities for the company but due to the environmental issues and rules and regulations of the government, many companies are unable to take advantage from those opportunities. Companies are opening their branches in the international markets but they are facing many challenges due to the policies related to the environment. The manufacturing of motor vehicles is very high and governments of the countries are providing free trade pass due to the globalization (Gardner, Cogliser, Davis, Dickens, 2011). It directly or indirectly affects the companies like Toyota motors who are in the manufacturing of cars and vehicles and due to this many climatic changes problems are arising. It was observed that companies who are in the manufacturing of cars, releasing fumes. Toyota motor is also releasing fumes that contribute in the climatic and environmental problems. There is an invention of electric cars in the market that is a threatening situation for the car manufacturing companies including Toyota motors (Trevio, Weaver, 2003). The reality is that in future more appreciation will be received by electric cares due to fact that they are environmental friendly cars. This is the reason due to which Toyota motor is also planning to manufacture electric cars in the future to save itself from the competition (Reynolds, Olson, 2001). Third issues- Poor quality control The severe issue of Toyota motors is poor management of the quality control that results in poor quality of goods and services provided by the company. The desire of Toyota motors was too high as they want to supplant general motors which is worlds number one car manufacturing company (Sonenshein, 2007). It was observe that Toyota motors focus on the expansion of the organization by manufacturing great numbers but not on the quality and management of the company. There was an issue with the accelerators and gas pedals. This could lead the company to feel potential guilt for the criminal act also for the customers abuse. When any company gives priority to its bottom line interest instead of the safety and security of the customers in such cases the companies are declared as fraud and unethical company that must be terminated form the management and organisation (Reinartz, Krafft, Hoyer, 2004). Theories that can help the Toyota motors to correct the ethical issues in the organisation It is one of the most effective theory in which is a quality improvement theory. The aim is to focus on all the good and bad results produced by the any activity takes places in Toyota. This theory relies on the intrinsic value of the consequences. It is little different from the ethical theories as under this theory the rightness and wrongness of any activity depends on the motive of the organisation. The utilitarian theory manages the decision making process of Toyota by providing effective ways and methods (Ordonez, Schweitzer, Galinsky, Bazerman, 2009). The reputation of the company was going down due to the ethical issues. Due to this, the image of Toyota was severely affected. However, the company decided to improve the image by establishment various theories like utilitarian theory, ethical theory, etc. The president of Toyota motors, Akio Toyodo met the Prime Minister so that the company can regain the brand image and the confidence of the customers (Brokks, 2013). Toyota is now applying descriptive ethical theories and how effective decision can be made in the company to normalize the situation. Descriptive ethical theory like utilitarian theory helps in analyzing the ethical decisions made by the managers. Now, the decisions are made through comprehensive discussions on the management at the board meetings and many other meetings takes place by the decision making bodies of Toyota motors. The decision passed by Toyota motors not only affects the customers but also has a significant affects on the investors, risk like high competition, volatile, etc. (Gardner, et.al. 2010) Ethical theory or a theory of justice states that there must be freedom and equality in the organization. It is a situation in which the demand and need of the labors are fulfilled and provide them their equal rights. It is very important to keep the equity of the labor of the company to keep happy and satisfied. The Ethical theories of Toyota motors is based on a mutual trust and understanding between the labor of the company and the management (Mehri, 2006). Toyota motors have realized the value of uses of theories, ethical decision making, vision, mission, etc. in which the reflection of effective leadership present. This can be visible by application of effective styles of leadership, managerial styles, and management of the quality control and labor, etc. The view point of this theory is that a Toyota motors can do not any activity against any individual as they are the holders of moral and equal rights. The theory of ethics states that having a right refers to having a special kind of protection. There are various types of moral rights and rules for the employees working in Toyota that are applicable on all the employees. Ethical theory is constructive in nature as it claims that each individual should value the norms and follow them irrespective of any circumstances. In early time, Toyota was not able to fulfill the ethics of their employees as they were no paying right wages and salaries to their employees. There were many activities that do not come under ethical theory (Barney, 2001). There are various mutual concepts between them like if there is justice in the organization of the employees than it is a signal that there is growth and development taking place in the right direction of the company. This believes that the labor and company both share common goals that are to earn profits and revenue for the company which can ultimately benefit both the parties. The management of Toyota motors expects that the labor should remain stable in the company and give their best performance to the same. In exchange of this, Toyota provides labor a sense of justice and equality that help them to cooperate with the rules and regulation of the company. In order to have an effective practice of ethical theories, there must be good relation between the both parties (Lockett, Moon, Visser, 2006). The leader: link the theories of leadership on decision making The type of decisions making applied in Toyota motors is very unique and philosophical. They believe in short term decision making which is more effective. They also think that despite of earning more profits and sales it is also very relevant to understand the role of the employees working in the company. This is the reason due to which Toyota motors observes with the managerial skills of the employees. Afterwards, the decisions are made by using virtue theory in which the philosophy of the companies are considered as right according to the morals. This principle is than applied to all the organization covering all the major areas of the internal and external environment of the company. It also helps to monitor the competition present in the external environment. This theory helps in effective execution of work and roles so that the objective of the company can be achieved (Carrigan, Attalla, 2001). Decision making by the leaders of Toyota motors There are four basic styles of the leaders that help the companies depending on the nature of the requirement like autocratic leaders, democratic leaders, bureaucratic leader and laissez-faire or delegating leader. The type of leadership style present in Toyota motors is autocratic style of leadership. Autocratic leaders are the leaders who have a direct control on employees. The process of decision making is also done by the leaders without the interference of any employees or team member. This type of leadership style results is rigid rules and regulations with disregard of the input and outputs (Giacalone, Rosenfeld, 2013). In this style, a sole leader makes the organizational decisions that are based on his own views and ideas with no consultancy of any other member or even the management of the company. There is an immense potential in autocratic style of leadership if it is mixed with other styles of leadership like little bit of democratic and bureaucratic leadership styles. There is no scope of the effective communication in this leadership style. Neither, there is an establishment of good relations among the employees and team members. The biggest advantage of autocratic leadership style is that it provides fast results and very quick decisions no matter what would be the final outcome (Ledingham, Bruning, Ki, Kim, 2000). There are many disadvantages of autocratic leadership style that is the entire team depends on the leader and his decisions. It can be effective when the leaders are strong and competent. In such cases, the leaders have to take decisions on their own and the team worked efficiently and effectively. However, if the leader is not competent and do not have moral and ethical values than the companies have to struggle. An autocratic leader affects the ethical and moral norms of the company by imposing his own decision on other regardless of any other opinions and final outcomes (Callahan, Jennings, 2002). Structure and culture available in Toyota motors The organizational structure and culture of Toyota motors is an overall response of the hard work of employees and the managers. There are lots of challenges and issues faced by this company in the past but with the effective management this company has made a great position in the global market. It is a global leader of car manufacturing company so the culture and structure of Toyota motors is very innovative and dynamic (Waldman, Ramirez, House, Puranam, 2001). The aim is to maximize the human resource and their capabilities. It is not easy for such an international company to survive in a competition which is very tough. However, with the use of prominent policies and strategies, this company is enjoying a great position. The structure of Toyota motors shows that this company facilitates the learning of the employees by providing them training and growth programs. It also highlights the relevancy of development of appropriate support of the culture in the success of the business (Witziers, Bosker, Krger, 2003). The companys organisational and cultural structure is very much supportive towards principles, ethical issues, moral, innovation, beliefs m etc. The company believes that it is important to understand the needs and wants of the customers as well as of employees so that they can retain for longer period of time. There was a reorganization of Toyota motors taken place in the year 2013, in which this company had gone through from some corresponding changes. Before that, the company was very rigid and follows hierarchy. Now days, there is a change in the team work, quality, secrecy, etc. there are continuity in the process of improvements (Ziv, Wolpe, Small, Glick, 2006). Some decisions and activities that have done to enusre ethical decisions by the leader The leader who is ethically strong and takes decision according to the social and moral values creates a very positive impact on the organization like Toyota motors. They help to improve the culture and behavior of the organization by imposing positive decisions on the team and groups. He is the one who is capable of bringing difference in the company through his focus on what is right and what is wrong. The desire of these leaders is to serve others and make a positive difference (Dane, Pratt, 2007). There are few activities that can show how Toyota motors are successful in the process of decision making. It is not easy for the leaders and managers follow each and every ethic. However, the managers and leaders of Toyota motors face the challenges and complexities and take ethical decisions so that the company is able to survive in the social environment. It is also important to manage ethnicity on a daily basis. Managers and leaders of Toyota motors take day to day ethical decision for the organization in order to be in a competition of sustainability and ethnicity (Srivastava, Bartol, Locke, 2006). It is relevant to the leaders to win the trust and confidence of the employees and they have to keep in mind that they should not done any activity that leads negative impression and erode the trust between the team and themselves. This is the way to operate in an ethical way in the company. It is not relevant that a company who is following all the rules and regulations can be ethical and moral in nature. There are other actions and activities that must be conducted to fulfill the ethical aspects of the company. It includes sustainability, human welfare, environment, social justice, equity, etc. (Jean-Marie, Normore, Brooks, 2009) It is also vital for the leaders to not to exempt any individual from meeting the expectation of ethnicity. There must be no excuse and reasons to break the rules for the ethical aspects. Many companies appreciate the ethical activities and moments and cheer those movements. Leaders should also discuss the ethical ongoing activities so that the employees become familiar to such activities and take effective participation in the same (Carroll, 2004). Conclusion As a conclusion for this report, Toyota Motors Corporation Australia is one of the most famous cars manufacturing company of the world that is facing dilemma with the ethical issues such as quality control, environmental problems, labor issues, and many others. In order to improve all these issues Toyota must follow all effective leadership theories and styles to be in borders of sustainability. This can help in the applicability of best ethical practices and ethical terms in the organization by the leaders of the company. At last, a conclusion is made that leadership plays an important role in every company. Toyota motors also changed their leadership styles according to the ethics, sustainability and trust of the customers and the employees who are working with the Toyota motors. They have realized the value of effective leaders. This can be visible by application of effective styles of leadership, managerial styles, and management of the quality control and labor, etc. which is effectively described in this report. It is also observed that the process of effective decision making by the leaders in Toyota Motors Corporation Australia was lacking. They must use effective theories and leadership styles, etc. The leadership style of Toyota Motors Corporation Australia was not a combination of decision making and ethical behavior and also do not prioritized the ethics whether it is a big or small organization. It is very important to have a cause and effect relationship between the leaders and the employ ees that ultimately helps in the success of the organization. References Avolio, B. J., Yammarino, F. J. (Eds.). (2013). Transformational and charismatic leadership: The road ahead. Emerald Group Publishing. Barney, J. B. (2001). Resource-based theories of competitive advantage: A ten-year retrospective on the resource-based view. Journal of management, 27(6), 643-650. Brokks, C. (2013). 7 steps to ethical leadership, [Online], Accessed on: 10 January 2017, Available at: https://www.businessnewsdaily.com/5537-how-to-be-ethical-leader.html Callahan, D., Jennings, B. (2002). Ethics and public health: forging a strong relationship. American Journal of Public Health, 92(2), 169-176. Carrigan, M., Attalla, A. (2001). The myth of the ethical consumer-do ethics matter in purchase behaviour?. Journal of consumer marketing, 18(7), 560-578. Carroll, A. B. (2004). Managing ethically with global stakeholders: A present and future challenge. The Academy of Management Executive, 18(2), 114-120. Dane, E., Pratt, M. G. (2007). Exploring intuition and its role in managerial decision making. Academy of management review, 32(1), 33-54. Dent, E. B., Higgins, M. E., Wharff, D. M. (2005). Spirituality and leadership: An empirical review of definitions, distinctions, and embedded assumptions. The leadership quarterly, 16(5), 625-653. Gardner, W. L., Cogliser, C. C., Davis, K. M., Dickens, M. P. (2011). Authentic leadership: A review of the literature and research agenda. The Leadership Quarterly, 22(6), 1120-1145. Gardner, W. L., Lowe, K. B., Moss, T. W., Mahoney, K. T., Cogliser, C. C. (2010). Scholarly leadership of the study of leadership: A review of The Leadership Quarterly's second decade, 20002009. The Leadership Quarterly, 21(6), 922-958. Giacalone, R. A., Rosenfeld, P. (2013). Impression management in the organization. Psychology Press. Jean-Marie, G., Normore, A. H., Brooks, J. S. (2009). Leadership for social justice: Preparing 21st century school leaders for a new social order. Journal of Research on Leadership Education, 4(1), 1-31. Ledingham, J. A., Bruning, S. D., Ki, E. J., Kim, J. N. (Eds.). (2000). Public relations as relationship management: A relational approach to the study and practice of public relations. Routledge. Lockett, A., Moon, J., Visser, W. (2006). Corporate social responsibility in management research: Focus, nature, salience and sources of influence. Journal of management studies, 43(1), 115-136. Mehri, D. (2006). The darker side of lean: An insider's perspective on the realities of the Toyota production system. The Academy of Management Perspectives, 20(2). Ordez, L. D., Schweitzer, M. E., Galinsky, A. D., Bazerman, M. H. (2009). Goals gone wild: The systematic side effects of overprescribing goal setting. The Academy of Management Perspectives, 23(1), 6-16. Reinartz, W., Krafft, M., Hoyer, W. D. (2004). The customer relationship management process: Its measurement and impact on performance. Journal of marketing research, 41(3), 293-305. Reynolds, T. J., Olson, J. C. (Eds.). (2001). Understanding consumer decision making: The means-end approach to marketing and advertising strategy. Psychology Press. Sonenshein, S. (2007). The role of construction, intuition, and justification in responding to ethical issues at work: The sensemaking-intuition model. Academy of Management Review, 32(4), 1022-1040. Srivastava, A., Bartol, K. M., Locke, E. A. (2006). Empowering leadership in management teams: Effects on knowledge sharing, efficacy, and performance. Academy of management journal, 49(6), 1239-1251. Trevio, L. K., Weaver, G. R. (2003). Managing ethics in business organizations: Social scientific perspective. Stanford University Press. Van Knippenberg, D., Hogg, M. A. (Eds.). (2004). Leadership and power: Identity processes in groups and organizations. Sage. Waldman, D. A., Ramirez, G. G., House, R. J., Puranam, P. (2001). Does leadership matter? CEO leadership attributes and profitability under conditions of perceived environmental uncertainty. Academy of management journal, 44(1), 134-143. Weaver, G. R., Agle, B. R. (2002). Religiosity and ethical behavior in organizations: A symbolic interactionist perspective. Academy of management review, 27(1), 77-97. Witziers, B., Bosker, R. J., Krger, M. L. (2003). Educational leadership and student achievement: The elusive search for an association. Educational administration quarterly, 39(3), 398-425. Ziv, A., Wolpe, P. R., Small, S. D., Glick, S. (2006). Simulation-based medical education: an ethical imperative. Simulation in Healthcare, 1(4), 252-256.

Symbolism in the short story girl by Jamaica Kincaid Research Paper Example

Symbolism in the short story girl by Jamaica Kincaid Paper Name: Lecturer: Course: Date: We will write a custom essay sample on Symbolism in the short story girl by Jamaica Kincaid specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Symbolism in the short story girl by Jamaica Kincaid specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Symbolism in the short story girl by Jamaica Kincaid specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Symbolism in the short story girl by Jamaica Kincaid Symbolism is one of the stylistic devices incorporated in literary works. This involves the use of real objects to represent abstract ideas. Symbols in literary works materialize in a variety of ways and can be interpreted into ideas universal in nature than the physical aspect of the object used. In the short story, ‘Girl’, Jamaica Kincaid utilizes the use of symbolism by incorporating tangible items such as the trunk, marbles and Benna, which is effective, in my opinion as it serves the purpose of evoking the reader to consider their significance and creating comprehension of the prevailing human conditions. One of the stylistic devices used in the short story â€Å"girl†, by Jamaica Kincaid, is symbolism. The short story depicts various objects that have been given deeper meaning. One is the trunk belonging to Annie’s mother (Schilb, 55). This object is used by the author to represent the self. When Annie was a young girl, one of her most interesting activities involved perusing through the mother’s trunk. Later on, we find her defining her own self by using the various objects that she found in the trunk. At a tender age, Annie would share the mother’s trunk without limits since the trunk and her very own self were the same (Schilb, 56). The narrative details the mother’s trunk to having come from Dominica. This meant that the trunk seemed to contain the entire family’s history. Later on, when Annie decides to have her personal trunk, this trunk will take the resemblance of her self just like the one that belonged to her mother. This new trunk now symbolizes her new realization of self as it goes to the extent of bearing a label that reads, â€Å"My name is Annie John. The use of trunk to symbolize personality is highly thoughtful. In daily lives, trunks are normally used to putting old personal effects. With this regard, going through a person’s trunk leads to one revealing a lot of history, and hence reveals one’s personality. Another form of symbolism is identified in the Marbles. The initial marbles given to Annie are from her mother after she recovers them from a package of oats. The two marbles are different in color with one being white with blue while the other being white with yellowish brown. Annie takes the blue marble to be symbolic of the ocean and the brown marble to be representative of the landmasses of the earth. Later on, Annie obtains some new marble that symbolize the new world that Annie is attempting to fashion for herself (Kincaid, 56). After receiving the new set of marbles, Annie decides to devote herself to marbles. By this, she gets to win marbles from all the people and collects a sizeable stash. The development of Annie’s marble career goes in hand with shifting in her world as she now spends quality time with the red girl. The red girl is symbolic to the non-socialized order. As Annie plays with the marbles, she gets to see beyond what both her mother and teachers have been teaching her. She now gets to see the original restrictive worldview. There is an instance where we see Annie’s mother furiously searching for her marbles. The real item she is seeking is not the physical marbles but the new world that these marbles have opened up Annie to. The mother is opposed to this new world, as it tends to defy the new social program. Marbles take the shape of crystal balls used by seers in foretelling hidden details. The author is therefore in place when he uses marbles to illustrate how the â€Å"gir l† has attained a new worldview. Milton’s paradise lost is a narrative that â€Å"girl is compelled to take notes as punishment for allegedly blaspheming Christopher Columbus in her history book. The title of the book â€Å"Paradise Lost† is apt. The story narrated in the book is about the fall of Lucifer. The book narrates how Lucifer was plunged into darkness and exile as punishment for challenging God. The problems facing Annie could be identical to the predicament Lucifer was in at the time. Annie is facing a predicament for challenging the authority of her mother and by association of the colonial order although she fears the punishment of being thrown into exile. The title of the book is also symbolic of the predicament that could befall Annie for apparently challenging the colonial authority that deemed it fit in terming Columbus a hero. The idea of exile is representative of Annie’s fear of being left all alone. The title, â€Å"A Lost Paradise†, is apt for Antigua. It is an isla nd with the scenery resembling that of a paradise. It was however transformed into a virtual hell through the settling of the Europeans who introduced slavery in the land. In the short story, the author uses the word Benna to symbolize sexuality. Benna are Antiguan folk songs that are used to symbolize sexuality. Annie’s mother fears that Annie has come across too much knowledge on sexuality for her age. In the native Antiguan culture, the natives used to sing Bennas as a means of passing on scandalous rumors and gossips surreptitiously without the knowledge of the colonialists. Her naivety led her to singing the Benna in church, â€Å"don’t sing Benna in Sunday school; you mustn’t speak to wharf-rat†. The act of singing Benna during Sunday school classes was an act of utter sin and disobedience (Saxton, 45). The Benna contained outlawed information that could not be uttered in public. Making such utterances in a church setting was both disobedience and sinful. Annie was too young to comprehend the relationship between Benna and sexuality as the older people like her mother did, however, the manner in which she protested indicates that she was aware of the seductive meaning behind the Benna, its mystique and its forbidden aspects. The fact that Annie is too adamant and near desperate denials raise the idea that she could have already sung the Benna and worst still, during Sunday school classes with some of her friends. This is an indication that Annie has developed an interest in the opposite sex in addition to a mounting exasperation with the mother’s guidance and incursion into her personal life (Saxton, 45). Food is another object used the short story to symbolize the mother’s belief on the importance of domesticity. There are numerous occasions where the mother emphasizes on food. The knowledge of preparing pumpkin fritters, tea, bread pudding, doukona, and pepper are highly essential as they form a link between the womenfolk and the families. The skills and art behind food preparation act as great legacies of mothers passed down to new generations through their daughters. Some of the foods such as doukona and pepper pot act as objects of placing the story Antigua and the Caribbean. These foods are mentioned by the author to indicate the setting of the story to the reader, instead of using unnecessary descriptions. Clothing in the story is used to indicate the level of respectability. Clothes are closely associated with proper housekeeping in indicating a woman’s character. Annie’s mother emphasizes on the clothing aspects since proper clothing reflects an individual’s character and personality, whereas shabbiness reflected the level of laziness and poverty present in an individual. The activities involved in clothing preparation that include Washing, sewing, and ironing are used as forms of protecting the status held by women in addition to defending the women’s productivity and self-worth (Milne, 45). The neatness and appearance of a woman’s cloth is a reflection of her sexual respectability and morality. The use of clothing in displaying good organization skills and well grooming in women were indications of her competence and control. In addition, these women could never be suspected of having outlawed relationships with other men. Annie’s mother therefore puts a lot of emphasis on the importance of dressing and appearance since she does not want the daughter to fall victim of ridicule and disrespect. Her fears are constantly reflected by the many times she cautions her child from being a â€Å"slut† (Milne, 45). In conclusion, we find that the author has utilized symbolism in the short story, girl. Symbolism in the story takes the form of concrete objects, actions, characters and figures of speech to take on abstract ideas. Concrete objects such as Annie’s trunk are used by the author to represent universal meanings such as Annie’s self. The act of clothing oneself is taken to represent the moral standards of a person especially for the womenfolk in the narrative. The most challenging symbol used in the narrative is the Benna. This is because one requires background knowledge to be acquainted with why the Benna was highly constrained from being used in the church. Works Cited Kincaid, Jamaica. Girl. San Francisco: San Francisco Examiner, 1991. Print. Milne, Ira M. Short Stories for Students: Presenting Analysis, Context, and Criticism on Commonly Studied Short Stories. Detroit: Gale Group, 2000. Print. Saxton, Ruth. The Girl: Constructions of the Girl in Contemporary Fiction by Women. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1998. Print. Schilb, John. Making Literature Matter: An Anthology for Readers and Writers. S. l.: Bedford St Martins, 2011. Print.

Thereapeutic Ways To Move a Child †Health Paper

Thereapeutic Ways To Move a Child – Health Paper Free Online Research Papers Thereapeutic Ways To Move a Child Health Paper Handling techniques refer to therapeutic ways of moving children from one position or place to another during regular activities throughout the day. When used correctly and consistently, proper handling techniques can reinforce the goals of direct treatment and help the child learn new movement patterns. Together with the family and caregivers, the PT/OT will make specific recommendations for each child. The goal of handling is to give the child the most opportunities throughout their day to move with normal tone and with as normal patterns of stability and mobility as possible. It is important to remember that the child must actively participate in an experience in order to learn effectively from it. This means that the child must experience what it is like to actively produce a normal or normalized movement pattern. Then, through repetition of these patterns during active movement, the child will internalize them and be able to use these patterns independently. The more opportunities the child has to experience â€Å"normal†, the more likely it will be that the child will learn to repeat them independently or with less facilitation. This requires instructing family, teachers and caregivers. Components of Treatment: Preparation: Preparation techniques prepare the body for movement. Before movement is possible, the body must have a stable base of support. *Stability is necessary for mobility.* The focus during the preparation phase of treatment is on normalizing tone and providing the child with a stable base of support from which movement will be possible. Normalizing tone: For children whose tone is usually high, slow, rhythmic movements may help to reduce tone. Joint approximation and traction and slow, shaking movements away from the joint are also techniques that may help reduce tone. Weight shifting using patterns of dissociation may also help to reduce tone, as may weight bearing. Environmental and sensory influences may also affect tone. Music with a 60-beat-per-minute tempo (many baroque classical pieces) have been found to have a calming, centering effect that can help to normalize high muscle tone and increase the effectiveness of a treatment session. Brisk movements such as quick bouncing or tapping can help to increase tone in children who are generally hypotonic. Resistance, as in activities that require a child to push or pull a heavy object, can also help increase tone. Vestibular stimulation can help increase tone in the child whose tone is usually low. As with hypertonic children, other environmental and sensory influences may also have an effect. Folk music with a brisk, clear, rhythmic beat has also been found to increase muscle tone and facilitate therapeutic activities. Deep/light pressure: Your fingertip control can represent more or less difficulty for the child. Deep pressure through the whole hand is more reassuring for the child as he has the sensation of another in control and supporting their movements. But controlled movement must be initiated by the child, so it is necessary to slowly release the pressure of your hands until the pressure is so light it is only being applied through your fingertips. The progression from deep to light will depend solely on the response of the child. Hopefully the child will show less tension through decreased compensations in movements as you decrease your control and then show an enjoyment in taking over the movements themselves. Placement: Proximal to distal is another important method of using your hands on the child to assist normalizing tone and allowing the child to take more control of their own movements. The more proximal your hand placement is, the more support and control you offer the child. The most supportive hand placement is on the trunk, which then moves to support the shoulder and hips, before supporting the distal joints of elbows or hands, knees or ankles. For example, holding the child’s hips to facilitate walking gives the therapist more control than holding the child’s hands. Likewise, supporting the child high up on the trunk gives the therapist more control than holding the child lower down on the body. Supporting a child at the waist positioned in sitting on a therapy ball gives the therapist more control over the movement than supporting the child at the hips. The hips and shoulders are often key points of control in facilitating more normalized movement patterns . In rolling, the therapist will facilitate the movement from the child’s hip (and shoulder if necessary) rather than from the knee or waist. As the child gains better control over a movement pattern, the therapist may facilitate from a position of less control or may reduce the amount of facilitation in other ways. Facilitation/inhibition: Facilitation involves helping the child produce a response. Inhibition involves helping the child not produce a response. These two are used together and complement each other in treatment. Facilitating Movement: A stable base of support is necessary for movement. The person must be well balanced in the position. The base should be wide enough to provide stability but not so wide as to inhibit free movements. Once the base of support is established, a person must shift weight before movement is possible. For example, a baby lying on its stomach must shift its weight to the left side, and especially onto the left forearm, in order to reach for a toy with its right hand. A child must shift all its weight onto the right foot to take a step with the left foot. During treatment, the therapist can often facilitate new movement patterns by helping the child shift weight appropriately. This requires hands on guidance but not force. The therapist’s hands very gently guide the child’s body rather than pushing or pulling. The therapist does as little as possible, letting the child experience as much control over the movement as possible. Inhibiting Movement: Inhibition techniques involve the use of positions and movements that help to prevent certain responses or movements. These are used in combination with facilitation techniques when facilitation techniques alone are not effective. For example, the ATNR is triggered when a child turns its head to one side. Keeping the head in midline inhibits the ATNR. Keeping the neck flexed inhibits the total extensor pattern seen in children with very high tone. Positioning: Positioning involves providing the child with external postural supports to help compensate for the child’s internal lack of postural stability. This may involve the use of adaptive equipment however, in many situations with young children, an adult’s body is used in place of adaptive equipment to provide additional support. Positioning is static rather than dynamic. Although in itself not an active form of treatment, positioning can greatly influence the child’s ability to perform in every developmental area. Some important things to remember in regards to positioning: 1. The human body is designed for movement. A child cannot remain in any given position for long periods of time without becoming uncomfortable. The therapeutic benefits of a position begin to decrease as soon as the child begins to struggle to move into a different position, often using compensatory postures to change its position. Ideally, a child should remain inone position for no more than 20 minutes before shifting to a different position or movement activity. 2. Positions selected need to be age appropriate. Young children often play while sitting or even lying on the floor, whereas older children do so much less often. Also, the position should enable the child to participate in activities with the rest of his/her class. A child might fit well in a group activity at the water table when placed in a stander but would not be able to interact as well in the stander during a circle activity when the other children were seated on the floor. 3. Positions need to be selected for function. For example, you might want a child to work on improving head control in sitting. Supportive seating adapted to allow for head movement while providing good trunk support might give the child an opportunity to work on head control during story time, when the child is expected primarily to sit and listen. During mealtime, working on head control and independent finger feeding might be too demanding for the child, and seating that provides additional head support might be needed. Standing might be an appropriate position for play at the sand table but not during mealtime, when it is generally considered inappropriate for people to stand and the position is too demanding to allow the child to fully concentrate on mealtime activities. 4. Young children can tire very easily and children with heart problems, respiratory problems or other health conditions may tire more quickly still. When children are placed in positions that are new to them and then asked to use movement patterns that are also new, they use a lot more effort than with familiar positions and patterns. Staff and parents must always be alert to signal from the child that the position is too demanding or that the child has simply had enough for the time being. Research Papers on Thereapeutic Ways To Move a Child - Health PaperThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyStandardized TestingComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesHip-Hop is ArtGenetic EngineeringAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 Europe

The Traditional Modes of Discourse in Composition

The Traditional Modes of Discourse in Composition In composition studies, the term modes of discourse refers to the four traditional categories of written texts: narration, description, exposition, and argument. Also known as the  rhetorical modes and forms of discourse. In 1975, James Britton and his associates at the University of London questioned the usefulness of the modes of discourse as a way of teaching students how to write. The tradition is profoundly prescriptive, they observed, and shows little inclination to observe the writing process: its concern is with how people should write rather than how they do (The Development of Writing Abilities [11-18]). Also see: Current-Traditional RhetoricDiscourseExpository WritingModels of CompositionTheme Writing Examples and Observations Beginning with Samuel Newmans Practical Systems of Rhetoric of 1827, American rhetoric textbooks . . . were supplementing Whatelian argumentative rhetoric with other modes. Teachers were coming to prefer books that offered concrete treatment of the different sorts of communication aims obviously served by writing. As writing displaced oral rhetoric, the older insistence on a single argumentative purpose did not serve, and in 1866 the desire for a multimodal rhetorical system was met by Alexander Bain, whose English Composition and Rhetoric proposed the multimodal system that has remained to this day, the forms or modes of discourse: narration, description, exposition, and argument.(Robert Connors, Composition-Rhetoric. University of Pittsburgh Press, 1997)Writing in Multiple Modes- A mode is . . . considered as one dimension of a subject, a way of viewing the subject as static or dynamic, abstract or concrete. A typical discourse, then, may make use of all the modes. For instance, to write about a monarch butterfly we may narrate about the butterfly (e.g., trace its migration north in the spring or its life cycle), describe the butterfly (orange and black, about three inches wide), classify it (species, Danaus Plexippus, belonging to the family Danaidae, the milkweed butterflies, order Lepidoptera); and evaluate it (one of the most beautiful and best known of butterflies). However, even though the discourse may include all of the modes, it is common to use one of the modes to organize the discourse, as is suggested by the title of one of [James L.] Kinneavys textbooks: Writing: Basic Modes of Organization, by Kinneavy, Cope, and Campbell.(Mary Lynch Kennedy, ed. Theorizing Composition: A Critical Sourcebook of Theory And Scholarship in Contemporary Composition Studies. IAP, 1998)|- No theory of modes of discourse ever pretends that the modes do not overlap. In actuality, it is impossible to have pure narration, etc. However in a given discourse there will often be . . . [a] dominant mode. . . .These four  modes of discourse [narration, classification, description, and evaluation]  are  not an application of the communication triangle. They actually are grounded in certain philosophic concepts of the nature of reality considered as being or becoming.(James Kinneavy, A Theory of Discourse. Prentice Hall, 1972) Problems With the Modes of DiscourseThe modes are faulted for relying on faculty and associationist psychology. Faculty psychology assumes the mind is governed by the faculties of understanding, imagination, passion, or will. Associationist psychology contends that we know the world through the grouping, or association, of ideas, which follows basic laws and order. Thus early proponents of the modes of discourse assumed that one should choose a form of discourse according to the faculty to be influenced and based on laws of association. . . .In light of current composition theory, problems with the modes of discourse as a guiding principle of composition pedagogy are numerous. For example, Sharon Crowley (1984) faults the modes for focusing only on text and writer, ignoring the audience, and thus being arhetorical.(Kimberly Harrison, Contemporary Composition Studies. Greenwood, 1999)Adams Sherman Hill on the Kinds of Composition (1895)The four kinds of composition that seem to requir e separate treatment are: Description, which deals with persons or things; Narration, which deals with acts or events; Exposition, which deals with whatever admits of analysis or requires explanation; Argument, which deals with any material that may be used to convince the understanding or to affect the will. The purpose of description is to bring before the mind of the reader persons or things as they appear to the writer. The purpose of narration is to tell a story. The purpose of exposition is to make the matter in hand more definite. The purpose of argument is to influence opinion or action, or both.In theory these kinds of composition are distinct, but in practice two or more of them are usually combined. Description readily runs into narration, and narration into description: a paragraph may be descriptive in form and narrative in purpose, or narrative in form and descriptive in purpose. Exposition has much in common with one kind of description; and it may be of service to an y kind of description, to narration, or to argument.(Adams Sherman Hill, The Principles of Rhetoric, rev. edition. American Book Company, 1895)

Love.Ethical Dilemma of repeat Valve replacement Essay

Love.Ethical Dilemma of repeat Valve replacement - Essay Example This dysfunction in turn causes a need for re-operation of the patients, due to complications arising such as the structural deterioration of bioprosthesis. Though the chances of patient mortality when undergoing a repeat operation are high, there has always been re-operations to such patients (Antunes, 1992). An ethical question arises to why a patient should be re-operated, yet in so doing, the chances of that patient’s death are increased. In the subsequent operations after the first one, the causes of patient’s death changes from the structural deterioration of the bioprosthesis to valvular leak. This is what further increases the chances of death. With such knowledge though, MVR has continued to be done over the years. Furthermore, subsequent re-operations have continued to be undertaken on patients, even though they increase their chances of death. However, the justification to this is that there are chances of saving the lives of the patients, even though such chances continues to diminish with each re-operation done (Antunes, 1992). Although performing re-operation to patients well knowing that it increases their chances of death seems unethical, there is a need to have it since the patient’s chances of surviving are increased by the re-operation, than when they are left to die of valvular

RECRUITMENT & SELECTION ( Human Resource Managment) Essay

RECRUITMENT & SELECTION ( Human Resource Managment) - Essay Example (1). In my opinion it is in the traditional approach that the company demonstrates obligation to its own well-being and the well-being of its employees. The Obligation and Benefits of Internal Selection The case presented makes it very clear that the internal candidate has remained a loyal employee to the organization. The organization has an obligation to its own well-being and the well-being of its employees to recognize loyalty and maintain the loyalty of its employees. (2). Denying this obligation to a talented internal candidate will make employees reconsider their loyalty to the organization to the disadvantage of the organization. Let us look at morale among the employees of the organization in case of external selection. The lack of recognition of performance and loyalty and the possible block to career advancement will lower their morale and act as a de-motivating factor, influencing their performance. (1). Minimizing costs in its business activities is an obligation of an o rganization. By opting for the suitable internal candidate the costs involved in easing the new entrant into the job position and organization are removed.

Homosexuals in the United States Military Essay Example for Free

Homosexuals in the United States Military Essay Homosexuals and U. S military service new laws and regulations which came into effect in 1993 reflected a compromise in policy. This settlement, referred to as â€Å"don’t ask, don’t tell,† states that the existence in the armed forces of persons who reveals a tendency or plan to take on homosexual acts would produce an intolerable hazard to the high standards of morale, high-quality order and discipline, and unit solidity which are the core of military capacity. Service members are not to be asked about nor allowed to talk about their homosexuality. This negotiation in spite of the matter has remained politically controversial. Previous to the 1993 compromise, the figure of individual’s releases for homosexuality was by and large declining. From the time, the number of discharges for homosexual conduct has generally amplified until recent times. In the wake of the new 1993 laws and regulations, constitutional challenges to the former and current military policies regarding homosexuals followed. In the case of Bowers vs. Hardwick, the U. S Supreme Court Ruling said that there is no right to engage in consensual homosexual sodomy. In this case, the courts generally said that military men may be lawfully discharge for explicit homosexual conduct. Nevertheless, the legal picture was convoluted by the Court’s 2003 decision in Lawrence v. Texas which ruled against Bowers by declaring unconstitutional a Texas law that prohibited sexual acts between same sex couples. Moreover, disturbed legal questions lingered as to whether a release based exclusively on a statement that a service member is homosexual disobeys constitutional limits. For the time being, efforts to allow individuals of the same sex to marry legally materialize implausible to affect the Department of Defense (DOD) policy close to term, because such individuals are barred from serving in the military, even though court challenges are possible. For the duration of the 1992 presidential campaign, Bill Clinton promised to remove the ban on homosexuals in the U.  S armed services. Once in office, he met with massive resistance from the U. S military and its congressional allies, and by summer of 1993, the original policy proposal was dead. Instead, Congress enacted the â€Å"Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell, Don’t Pursue† policy: gays and lesbians can now serve in the military, but they are obliged to keep their sexual preference private. Challengers of the open integration of gays and lesbians have discarded many of standard justifications for excluding homosexuals from military service. For example, the Pentagon and its cronies no longer disagree that gays and lesbians are security risks because of the threat of blackmail. As a case in point, even though both the former chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff General Colin Powell and the famous military sociologist Charles Moskos contest the open integration of homosexuals in the military, they recognize that gays and lesbians are valuable soldiers. Discharge measures against homosexuals are packed with statements of many of these individuals’ excellent records, reliability, and commitment to their jobs. The matter is not whether gays and lesbians are good quality soldiers as individuals, but instead, the consequence of these individuals on the group. Opponents of removing all restrictions on homosexuals’ service argue that open incorporation of gays and lesbians would obstruct the development of primary group cohesion, which they say is significant to military efficiency. During the 1993 congressional trials on homosexuality in the military, both Senate and House testimony paid attention on the issue of unit cohesion. For instance, then Senator Sam Nuun, chairman of the Senate Armed Services Committee in July 1993 asked each of the 6 Joint Chiefs of Staff to discuss unit cohesion and its importance in developing combat capability. Army Chief of Staff General Gordon Sullivan answered him by saying that cohesion is developed by uniformity, by devotion to a common sense of values and behavior. The introduction into many small units of person whose open orientation and self-definition is completely opposed to the rest of the group will cause tension and disruption (Herek 1987). Senior US military officers concerned that the open integration of homosexuals would get in the way of the development of cohesion within small groups are not trusted or respected as expressed by Powell and Admiral David Jeremiah, and they added that in atmosphere of doubts, orders may not be carried out and everyday friendly gestures that encourage companionship- everyday childlike horseplay and rough-housing, a pat on the back or arm around the shoulder- become suspect, provoke fear or loathing, and annihilate group cohesion (Nowak, 1993)). Powell added that in order to win wars and battles the army needs to make cohesive groups of warriors who will bond so strongly that they are ready to go into battle and give their lives if indispensable and it is intolerable to allow anything to upset that feeling of cohesion inside the force. The disagreement about unit cohesion is based on two propositions: the first one is that primary group cohesion increases military effectiveness and second, open gay and lesbian personnel would disturb cohesion and thus military performance. According to Kier (1998) these propositions are wrong and she said that such statements do not reflect what social science research and experience have demonstrated about the relationship between cohesion and performance and the consequence of putting together previously excluded groups on primary group cohesion. Investigations of Homosexual Conduct Even if broad investigations of homosexual behavior are the exemption rather than the rule, there are noteworthy numbers of cases in which such investigations have been conducted. Based on the cases reviewed by Gosling (1993), he concluded that the immense majority of investigations that have happened have been correctly instigated, that is, an investigation has been made only after the commander had determined that there was convincing information that the member had engaged in homosexual conduct. Also, based on his findings, he was able to find out that a lot of the criticisms made about inappropriate initiation of investigations mirror a misinterpretation of the Department’s policy. In practice, plausible information has sometimes been provided to commanders in ways that service members might not have been anticipated to occur, or has been based on communications or performance that the partners, roommates, or unconnected third parties have sometimes come forward on their own to account information or proof of homosexual conduct to commanders next to the wishes of the service member in question (Nowak 1993). Photographs or in black and white communications that verifies homosexual conduct has sometimes been showed to civilians who then brought this proof to the attention of a commander, with no question having been conducted by the commander. Plausible information has also been incidentally discovered in the course of proper, entirely unrelated criminal or disciplinary investigations for a commander to initiate an investigation when information has been reported in any of these circumstances, granted that the information received is credible (Suraci, 1992). Indeed, because federal law requires that those who take on in homosexual conduct must be discharged from the military; commanders are compelled to investigate whenever they receive credible evidence of homosexual conduct. In addition, many academic institutions have ratified rules that defended homosexuals from prejudice on campus. Accordingly, colleges, universities, and even high schools have required barring military recruiters from their campuses or otherwise eliminating Reserve Officer Training Corps Programs on campus because of the DOD rule on homosexuals in the military. Simultaneously, legislation has been ratified that bars giving federal funds to campuses that obstruct entrance for military recruiters (Suraci 1992). On March 6, 2006, the Supreme Court upturned a federal appeals court verdict in Rumsfeld v. Forum for Academic and Institutional Rights (FAIR), and endorsed the constitutionality of the Solomon Amendment, which forbids certain federal funding to higher educational institutions that refute admittance by military recruiters to their students equal to that provided to other employers. Deviance Present among sociological conceptions of deviance is an approach that concerns itself not as much of with the characteristics of the person or persons said to have despoiled a social rule than with the character of the responses of other persons to these characteristics and events. This approach, occasionally called the labeling approach to deviance, observes the deviant as a social creation, the result of contact sequences between labelers and labeled (Becker, 1964). The questions that are lifted by this approach thus concern the behaviors that are tagged as deviant, what the methods are by which the labels are effectively applied or avoided, and what the results of such procedures are for both labelers and labeled. Nevertheless, regardless of the highlight laid on deviance as a creation of interaction, in practice most consideration has been paid to the labeler’s role in this process (Simon 1987). The method of developing deviance appears all collective response and no deviant stimulus. This is possibly an overreaction to an overreaction. For example, one theory is spelled out as to why some people break rules and some do not in terms of what is called as commitment and for other labeling theorists, characteristics of the deviant himself are not completely unrelated (Simon 1987). The point is well taken, but for example, in some of Goffmans writings (1961) on mental patients his employment of the concept career contingencies materializes to treat the mental patient as a pawn, subject to the vagaries of all sorts of contextual demands. As a result of the above, labeling theory also has been seen as taking the side of the underdog- that the deviant is seen as a victim of the fairly subjective measures of control agencies. He is more sinned against than sinning, as it is a matter of chance, or racial or socioeconomic factors, rather than any behavior on his part, that chooses whether he is cast as deviant. Homosexuals in the Army in Other Countries Homosexuals in the military is not just an issue faced by the United States, there are many more countries out there that have the same situation as the US. The number of countries that permit gay and lesbian soldiers to serve in the armed forces is growing and it is increasingly becoming more important to know whether official decisions with regards to the inclusion of homosexual service members in the military lead t changes in organizational performance (West 1965). Even though most members of NATO plus some nations has already permitted gay and lesbian soldiers to serve, there has still a very few empirical analysis of whether the decision to remove gay ban influences the ability of armed forces to pursue their missions. This topic has been addressed by some theoretical studies but there has been no in-depth empirical analysis on the consequences of removing gay bans (Sudnow 1965). In Canada for example, there were a handful of careful studies immediately after Canada’s 1992 decision of abolishing restrictions on gay and lesbian soldiers (Belkin, 2001). Although that was the case, long term impact of the new policy could not be known in those early studies and even the best qualitative research is only based on a few sources (West 1965). American officer, Lt Gen Calvin Waller, affirmed in 1993 that since Canada had not been caught up in armed conflict since the ban was lifted, he explained that Canada’s justification for considering the proof that has mounted up for up to eight years since the ban was removed is that senior Canadian officials foresee that altering the policy might compromise military effectiveness (Millet 1999). For this reason, the Canadian incident gives an opportunity to assess the effect of the policy change in opposition to early forecasts by senior military leaders. After discussing the historical development of homosexual personnel policy in Canada, the authors examined whether Canadas decision to eliminate restrictions on gay and lesbian soldiers influences military efficiency (Brumett, 1981). The paper’s findings, based on a review of primary and secondary sources, as well as interviews with 29 military personnel and experts from the academic, non-governmental, and policy communities, is that Canadas decision to lift its gay ban had no effect on military performance, eagerness, unity, or morale (Millet 1999).

Worn Path Essay -- essays papers

Worn Path Knowing secret information can be a very enlightening thing. Knowing information that someone else does not helps make the reader feel more powerful. Such is the case when the reader knows of the mythical Phoenix and then reads â€Å"A Worn Path.† Eudora Welty’s â€Å"A Worn Path,† the story of an elderly grandmother’s journey to the doctor’s office for medication for her grandson, explores allusions to mythology, including the character Phoenix and her journey. â€Å"In an Egyptian tale the Phoenix, a large bird, retains immortality by restoring itself every five hundred years by setting fire to its nest and immolating itself by fanning fire with its wings. From the ashes a new Phoenix arises. Then it collects the ashes and flies to Heliopolis, a religious city in Egypt, and deposits the egg at the Temple of the Sun. This bird is a direct link to Old Phoenix in Eudora Welty’s story† (Donlan 5). Mythology is shown in the physical characteristics of Phoenix Jackson. There are many events throughout the story that remind the reader that Old Phoenix looks and sounds like the mythical bird. The phoenix bird in Egyptian myth is known for its scarlet and gold body† (Donlan 6). In the opening of the story Welty describes Old Phoenix’s appearance as â€Å"a golden color ran underneath, and the two knobs of her cheeks were illuminated by a yellow burning under the dark. Under the rag her hair came down on her neck† (Welty 2). Another example is when Phoenix’s cane ma...

Ivan Pavlov Essay

1. Behavioral approaches are used predominantly for treating children and adults with autism. Behavioral therapies include specific approaches to help individuals acquire or change behaviors. Behavioral therapies can be divided into three general approaches: operant conditioning, respondent or classical (Pavlovian) conditioning, and cognitive approaches. In treating children with autism, operant conditioning approaches are typically used. Ivan Pavlov performed experiments which involved training dogs to associate a tone with a food-reward. Initially, the subject shows weak or no response to a conditioned stimulus (CS, tone), but a measurable unconditioned response (UR, saliva production) to unconditioned stimulus (US, food). However, after repeatedly using the tone (CS), with the food (US), the subject forms and association between the two and shows conditioned response (CR, saliva production) to the tone (CS) alone.   This is opposed in principle to operant conditioning, where producing a CR (any task output) controls getting US (food). 2. B.F.Skinner’s work was influenced by Pavlov’s experiments. He took the notion of conditioned reflexes developed by Ivan Pavlov and applied it to the study of behavior, by experimenting with pigeons, rats and later his own infant daughter to develop his theories of operant conditioning. The concept though interesting, raises a lot of uncomfortable questions on ethical treatment of fellow living beings. 3. The observations made in the question, prove the fundamental thought behind Skinner’s experiments, that peoples’ response could be controlled, and also raises the valid point of the extent of control. In contrast the Pavlovian theory was about conditioning the ‘reflexes’ in response to stimuli. Skinner initially followed this theory before his data made him suspect that he had found a process of conditioning that was very different from Pavlov’s

Early experiences with art Essay

The first experience I had with art was when I was an eight year old. I was in a restaurant with my parents when the painting on the wall struck me. I was unable to take my eyes off the painting. It was absolutely stunning with myriad hues and bright colors. The painting was a replica of the ‘Renoirs Luncheon of the Boating Party’. The colors in the painting were charming, bringing out the best of the painter and his art. Life for the people seemed to be like songs with unending lyrics, going on and on, eternally like the water lapping against the sides of their boat. That moment I realized that art could bring pictures to life. That day I decide that art would be a part of my life always. I started studying the various pieces of art that I could see. The art used to make my life more meaningful. I could identify myself with most of the artists and their work. Art slowly brought a change in me. I started looking at life from a different perspective. Life seemed full of meaning for me. My parents and teachers were very supportive of my interest in art. In fact, they encouraged me to paint various portraits. My teacher took a special interest in me and encouraged me to do my best. Their words egged me on and I was able to even have a small exhibition of my paintings in my school at the age of sixteen. It was a great success. At present, though there is lesser time for me to spend on art and my artistic abilities may have dulled a little. My love for art has not decreased. I now buy paintings that are affordable and keep gazing at them for even hours at times. I have kept painting whenever I could and have gifted a few of my best paintings to friends who have admired the paintings and have accorded them a place in the wall of their houses. Since childhood, I have started admiring and studying the art of various great painters more closely. I have been able to learn the intricacies of various paintings. I have realized that paintings are an index of the painters’ feelings. The art is usually from the heart.

Become a Paid Expert by Writing Op-Eds

Become a Paid Expert Have you ever watched a story on the news and thought to yourself, I wish theyd asked me about that. I could have really told them a thing or two? Most of us are experts on something, and if were writers, most of us end up writing about what we know. We can create a positive feedback loop For instance, I was the first person to write a  book about the Upstairs Lounge fire, a terrible arson which killed 32 people at a gay bar in the French Quarter of New Orleans on Gay Pride Day in 1973. Each year, on the anniversary of the fire, newspapers and websites are interested in covering the tragedy. As an expert, I am often approached Likewise, a news story recently began making the rounds about a twelve-year-old girl who spoke in a Mormon church and revealed she was a lesbian, the bishop cutting off her microphone in the middle of her talk. As most of my fiction deals with gay Mormons, I was again an expert who had something meaningful to say on the incident. I submitted an op-ed to a newspaper in a heavily Mormon area, and my views on the importance of LGBTQ literature as a means of understanding our LGBTQ family, friends, and neighbors was published. Do you have a personal, compelling story about our broken healthcare system and why we need single-payer or some more conservative reform? Do you have a story about domestic violence? Our education system? Immigration? Has your home suffered damage in a fracking-related earthquake? Do you have a personal story involving gun violence that allows you to speak either for or against gun regulation? You do not need a PhD in order to be an expert on at least a tiny part of a major subject that newspapers want to hear about. Only a handful of newspapers pay for op-eds (Newsday, The New York Times, Boston Globe, and The Washington Post are a few), so you wont make a great deal of money writing and selling these pieces. But most papers who do publish your editorial or commentary will ask if you want to put the piece on the wire, meaning other newspapers across the country can pick it up and print it as well. You will get no additional income from this, but it does get you more exposure. Thats a bad word in the publishing industry because it basically means writing for free, but if you do your research and only write for those papers which will in fact pay you for first publication rights, then you get the money and the exposure. Publishing op-eds builds your reputation as an expert on the subjects important to you, and they build your resumà © as well. You will have a more impressive list of publications to add to your author

An Overview Of Quality By Design Engineering Essay

An Overview Of Quality By Design Engineering Essay Since there is immense competition globally and growing impact of Information technology, the pharmaceutical industry should need to improve its performance. The industry should implement newer technologies that can effectively reduce cost of production and at the same time improves product quality and regulatory compliance. Quality by Design is a newer approach that has been offered by the United States Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) which if understood well and implemented properly can save considerable amount of time and cost and at the same time can improve final product quality and regulatory compliance which can increase the speed of product to reach in to the market. This article discusses the background of quality by design concept, Building blocks of Quality by Design, and its approach across the product life span and benefits that it offers. Introduction: In 2002, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) published a guidance document for pharmaceutical companies o n cGMP for the 21st century. This guidance document expressed a strong desire that companies should build quality, safety and efficacy in to their product. This concept is now known as Quality by Design (QbD). Till now, the meaning, benefits and impact of quality by design is confusing to many people. Some says that it is a newer way to develop drugs, biologics and devices; some says that it can shorten the production cycle; some says that it provides more business flexibility but no one knows what it is exactly. Some people do not even know that where, when and how should it be applied? Initially there are so many companies who tried to adopt Quality by Design concept but confusion gave way to frustration. Background of Quality by Design: Quality by design (QbD) is the concept first developed by the famous quality expert named Joseph M. Juran in his 1992 book called â€Å"The New Steps for Planning Quality in to Goods and Services†. He believed that quality could be planned in the very first stage of the production rather than final testing. The concept was first used in automobile industry. There is one article published in June 2007 titled â€Å"Elucidation: Lessons from the Auto Industry† says that Toyota Automobiles was the first company who implemented many Quality by Design concept to improve their automobiles in 1970s. That is why we can say that Quality by Design concept is new only for FDA regulated industries and not for other industries like technology, aeronautics, telecommunications etc. In other words, we can say that the computer we use, the phone we answer, the airplane we ride, the car we drive and the camera we use are all products of Quality by Design but we cannot say that whatever tablet we ingest and whatever biologics we use are the products of Quality by Design. In 1990s, many of the medical device manufacturing company has implemented Quality by Design aspect which resulted in reduced risk and manufacturing cost and at t he same time increased patient safety and product efficacy. From the success of QbD aspect in medical device manufacturing, the FDA officials felt that this concept has to be applied to drugs and biologics also. So, the internal discussion in FDA started in late 1990s and finally they published a concept paper in 2002 on cGMP in 21st century. With the huge help of some pharmaceutical companies, pilot programs were started to share the Quality by Design application and process understanding with the other companies.

The Hunger Games (Book and Film) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Hunger Games (Book and Film) - Essay Example Hopefully, they are capable of helping us in being prudent, as well as careful when it comes to making decisions in that these utopian dreams do not end up being policy-state nightmares (Collins 12). The word dystopia comes from the Greek sources dys-, signifying obscene or difficult, while topos, stands for place; therefore dystopia means a dreadful place, characterized by the dejection of the human spirit, extensive misery, malaise, as well as hopelessness. This is a place whereby people tend to endure what seems like superficial or unsatisfying lives deprived of meaning. Life has turned out to be full of possibilities that are unlocking at a speed that is unpredictable between thrilling and terrifying. Though there is some familiarity, this situation seems to be familiar and safe, while at the same time continuing to tug people; however, in spite of their desire to get away from it, it is impossible considering that, their old life constricts as much as it comforts. As a result, t hey get their drive from both their inner need, as well as their outside pressures in making choices. Meanwhile, the authorities that people look up to tend to be not only to be manipulative, but also harsh; while they are the ones creating the larger world, whereby they are extremely busy shoving the people into. These people in the high authorities have failed in correcting this mess, both in their personal lives and society. In covering up their mess, they want people to get out there and mend their mistakes especially at a moment when worry over the looming collapse of their entire socio-economic structure is about to be uncovered. This makes the world not only cruel, but also scary, even dystopian (George, Nicolas & William 15). This is the life that the modern world revolves around; the only people who are incapable imagining how terrible this situation, despite the fact that they are living this life are the teenagers. This is an era consumed with economic uncertainty, conspi racy theories, not forgetting the fear of environmental collapse. Although the Western civilization was accredited for producing literary utopias, in the past century of world wars, murderous, totalitarian regimes, nuclear threat, as well as ?nancial panics, dystopias have by far outnumbered sunny projections due to a number of orders of magnitude. This has led to pessimistic depictions concerning the future everywhere in the popular culture; unfortunately, teens and teen books are incapable of escaping these larger trends in society. This is a clear indication of the origins of dystopia (Karen, Craig & Patrick 27). Recently, dystopian literature ha been compared to utopian, which has particularly been inspired by the trends of industrialization, class conflict, rationalization, together with the increasing pace of change. Apparently, these things have only turned out to be more pronounced as time passes by, together with the addition issues such as environmental destruction, gender equality, as well as racial bigotry (Pepper 36). Similarly to being the case with The Hunger Games, there are issues such as the age that have also played a key role in this matter.